第12章语言与大脑12.1 复习笔记本章要点：1. Methods in the study of the brain and evidences for lateralization 研究大脑的方法和脑功能侧化的证据2. Aphasia失语症3. Psycholinguistic research methods心理语言学的研究方法4. Linguistics and language processing语言学和语言处理本章考点：神经语言学；心理语言学；失语症。
本章内容索引：I. Neurolinguistics1. Definition2. The structure and function of the human brain3. Methods in the study of the brain and evidences for lateralization(1) Autopsy studies(2) Methods to study the brain(3) Methods to examine the behaviour associated with the brain4. Aphasia(1) Broca’s aphasia(2) Wernicke’s aphasia(3) Acquired dyslexiaII. Psycholinguistics1. Definition2. Psycholinguistic research methods(1) Field work(2) Experimental methods3. Linguistics and language processing(1) Phonetics and phonology(2) Morphological processing(3) Syntax4. Psycholinguistic modelingI. Neurolinguistics（神经语言学）1. Definition（定义）【考点：名词解释】Neurolinguistics is the study of the relationship between brain and language. It includes research into how the structure of the brain influences language learning, how and in which parts of the brain language is stored, and how damage to the brain affects the ability to use language.神经语言学是对大脑与语言之间的关系所进行的研究。
包括对大脑结构如何影响语言学习、语言是如何存储在大脑中的，存储在大脑的哪一个部位、大脑的损伤是如何影响语言运用能力等问题的研究。
2. The structure and function of the human brain（人脑的结构和功能）It is within the human cortex that the secrets of language representation and processing are to be found.只有在人的脑皮层中才能找到语言表征和处理的秘密。
3. Methods in the study of the brain and evidences for lateralization（研究大脑的方法和脑功能侧化的证据）(1) Autopsy studies（尸体解剖研究）The technique is used to examine the brain after the patient’s death in order to find the relationship between the area of brain damage and the type of disorder the patient displayed while alive.该技术用来在病人死后来检查其大脑，以找出大脑受损部位和病人在活着的时候所呈现出来的紊乱类型之间的关系。
(2) Methods to study the brain（研究大脑的方法）It has been found that when subjects speak, much blood flows to the lefthemisphere of the cortex and to Broca’s area in particular. When sub jects read, much blood flows to the occipital lobe, to the angular gyrus, and to other areas of the left hemisphere.These observations support the view that the left hemisphere is primarily responsible for language and that there are specific language areas within the left hemisphere.人们已经发现当受试者说话的时候，大量血液流进脑皮层的左半球，尤其是布罗卡区。
当受试者阅读的时候，大量血液流人了扰骨突出部位、角形脑回和左半球的其他区域。
这些观察结果证实了大脑左半球主要负责语言且左脑半球内存在特定语言区的观点。
(3) Methods to examine the behaviour associated with the brain（考查与大脑相关行为的方法）Dichotic listening. Dichotic listening is a technique in which stimuli either linguistic or non-linguistic are presented through head phones to the left and right ears to determine the lateralization of various cognitive functions.Split brain studies. The experiments that investigate the effects of surgically severing the corpus callosum on cognition are referred to as split brain studies.双耳分听：一种通过耳机将语言或非语言刺激送到左右耳以决定各种认知功能的大脑侧化的技术。
裂脑试验：研究通过外科手术损坏胼胝体对认知的影响的试验被称裂脑试验。
4. Aphasia（失语症）【考点：名词解释；对比两种失语症】Aphasia refers to a number of acquired language disorders due to the cerebrallesions caused by vascular problems, a tumour, an accident and so on.失语症是指由血管问题、肿瘤、事故等造成的脑损害引起的一系列习得性语言紊乱。
(1) Broca’s aphasia (non-fluent aphasia)（布罗卡失语症(非流利性失语症)）Phonologically, the speech of Broca’s aphasics is very halting and lack of normal sentence intonation.Syntactically, Broca’s aphasics produce telegraphic speech, i. e. they omit the functional words that we would be likely to omit when we write a telegram and besides, they tend to omit in flectional affixes such as-ing. and. -ed in words such as reading and worked. They often show difficulty judging the grammaticality of sentences.在音位方面，布罗卡失语症的言语非常不连贯，而且缺乏正常的句子语调。
在句法上，布罗卡失语症产生了电文言语，即他们会省略我们在写电报时会省略的功能词，另外，他们往往会省略屈折词缀，如省略reading和worked中的-ing 和-ed。
他们经常在判断句子的语法性中表现出困难。
(2) Wernicke’s aphasia (fluent aphasia)（韦尼克失语症(流利性失语症)）The patients can speak very fluently with normal pronunciation and intonation and correct word order but often with little semantic meaning. They often have great difficulty in comprehending a speech.病人能够非常流利地说出正常的发音、语调和正确的词序，但却往往没有多少语义意义。
他们通常在理解言语上有很大的困难。
①In the case of non-fluent aphasia, form is compromised but the content of language remains relatively intact②In contrast, fluent aphasia is characterized by a rapid flow of form with little content.①在非流利性失语症中，形式打了折扣，但语言内容相对保持完整。
②相反，流利性失语症的特点是形式流畅却没有多少内容。
(3) Acquired dyslexia（习得性失读症）①Definition（定义）Damage in and around the angular gyrus of the parietal lobe often causes the impairment of reading and writing ability, which is often referred to as acquired dyslexia.体壁突出部位的角形脑回及其周围的损伤经常造成阅读和书写能力上的障碍，这种现象通常被称为习得性失读症。