Exercise for MacroeconomicsChapter 8TRUE/FALSE1. Intertemporal substitution effects are substitution effects over time.2. When the marginal product of labor increases due to a positive technology change, the real wage falls.3. The model predicts that in response to a permanent positive change in technology real consumptionwill be procyclical.4. An increase in the interest rate makes future consumption cheaper and future leisure more expensive.5. The income effect on labor supply is positive.MULTIPLE CHOICE1. The cyclical part of real GDP isa. trend real GDP less real GDP. c. real GDP/trend real GDP.b. real GDP less trend real GDP. d. trend real GDP/real GDP.2. Real GDP equals:a. trend real GDP plus the cyclical part ofGDP c. trend real GDP less the cyclical part ofGDP.b. trend real GDP times the cyclical part ofGDP. d. trend real GDP divided by the cyclicalpart of GDP.3. An equilibrium business-cycle model:a. uses shocks to GDP to find equilibriumconditions. c. uses equilibrium conditions to determinehow shocks affect real GDP and othermacroeconomic variables. .b. uses GDP to find equilibrium shocks tothe economy.d. uses GDP to find equilibrium conditions.4. An increase in the level of technology, A, causes:a. an increase in the MPL c. a movement along the MPL hiring morelabor.b. a decrease in the MPL d. a movement along the MPL hiring lesslabor.5. The model predicts that an economic expansion caused by an increase in technology, A, will:a. drive down the real wage. c. drive up the real wage.b. cause labor supply to be greater than labor d. lead to a relatively low real wage.demand.6. The model predicts that in a recession caused by an decrease in technology, A, we would observe:a. a relatively low real wage. c. a relatively high real wage.b. an excess demand for labor. d. an increase in the MPL7. If technology, A, increases, then:a. the MPK and the demand for capitalservices increase. c. the MPK increases and the demand forcapital services decreases.b. the MPK and the demand for capitalservices decrease. d. the MPK decreases and the demand forcapital services increases.8. The model predicts that if there is a technology, A, shock, the real rental price of capital will:a. be relatively high during an economicexpansion or a recession. c. be relatively high during an economicexpansion and relatively low during arecession.b. be relatively low during an economicexpansion or a recession. d. be relatively low during an economicexpansion and relatively high during a recession.9. The model predicts that if there is a technology, A, shock, the interest rate, i, will be:a. relatively high during an economicexpansion or a recession. c. relatively high during an economicexpansion and relatively low during a recession.b. relatively low during an economicexpansion or a recession. d. relatively low during an economicexpansion and relatively high during a recession.10. During an economic expansion due to an increase in technology, A, consumption will:a. tend to rise due to the income effect. c. tend to fall due to the intertemporalsubstitution effect of the interest raterising.b. may rise or fall depending on whether theincome effect is greater than thesubstitution effect or not.d. all of the above.11. During an economic expansion due to an increase in technology, A, consumption will:a. tend to fall due to the income effect. c. tend to rise due to the intertemporalsubstitution effect of the interest raterising.b. may rise or fall depending on whether theincome effect is greater than thesubstitution effect or not.d. all of the above.12. During an economic expansion due to an increase in technology, A, consumption will:a. tend to rise due to the income effect. c. tend to rise due to the intertemporalsubstitution effect of the interest raterising.b. be unchanged. d. tend to fluctuate.13. During an economic expansion due to an increase in technology, A, consumption will:a. tend to fall due to the income effect. c. tend to fall due to the intertemporalsubstitution effect of the interest raterising.b. be unchanged. d. tend to fluctuate.14. If technology, A, increases permanently then we would expect:a. consumption to decrease as thesubstitution effect would be greater than the income effect of the change. c. consumption to increase as thesubstitution effect would be greater than the income effect of the change.b. consumption to increase as the incomeeffect would be greater than thesubstitution effect of the change. d. consumption to decrease as the incomeeffect would be greater than thesubstitution effect of the change.15. If there is a permanent increase in technology, A, then we expect consumption to:a. increase by more than real GDP. c. increase but by less than real GDP.b. increase by the same amount as real GDP. d. be unchanged.16. If there were a permanent increase in technology, A, we would expect real saving to:a. increase as the increase in realconsumption is less than real GDP. c. decrease as the increase in realconsumption is more than real GDP.b. increase as the increase in realconsumption is more than real GDP. d. decrease as the increase in realconsumption is less than real GDP.17. A variable that moves in the same direction as real GDP is known as:a. acyclical. c. countercyclical.b. procyclical. d. exogenous.18. A variable that has little tendency to move during a business cycle is known as:a. acyclical. c. countercyclical.b. procyclical. d. exogenous.19. A variable that moves in the opposite direction as real GDP is known as:a. acyclical. c. countercyclical.b. procyclical. d. exogenous.20. An acyclical variable is one that:a. moves the same direction as real GDP. c. moves the opposite direction as real GDP.b. has little tendency to move during abusiness cycle.d. determined outside the model.21. An procyclical variable is one that:a. moves the same direction as real GDP. c. moves the opposite direction as real GDP.b. has little tendency to move during abusiness cycle.d. determined outside the model.22. An countercyclical variable is one that:a. moves the same direction as real GDP. c. moves the opposite direction as real GDP.b. has little tendency to move during abusiness cycle.d. determined outside the model.23. US real consumer expenditure since 1954 has been:a. procyclical. c. a cyclical.b. countercyclical. d. exogenous.24. US real gross domestic private investment since 1954 has been:a. procyclical. c. a cyclical.b. countercyclical. d. exogenous.25. Since 1954, in the US:a. real gross private investment has variedmore than real GDP, while real consumerexpenditure has varied less than real GDP. c. real gross private investment has variedless than real GDP, while real consumer expenditure has varied more than realGDP.b. real gross private investment and realconsumer expenditure have varied more than real GDP. d. real gross private investment and realconsumer expenditure have varied less than real GDP.26. US real average earnings of production workers since 1954 has been:a. procyclical. c. a cyclical.b. countercyclical. d. exogenous.27. US real rental price of capital since 1954 has been:a. procyclical as the model predicts. c. procyclical rather countercyclical as themodel predicts.b. countercyclical as the model predicts. d. countercyclical rather procyclical as themodel predicts.28. An example of a temporary change in technology would be:a. a new discovery. c. a harvest failure.b. a new invention. d. all of the above.29. An example of a temporary change in technology would be:a. a new discovery. c. a new invention.b. a general strike. d. all of the above.30. With a temporary change in technology the model predicts:a. the interest rate will be procyclical. c. a higher interest rate will motivatehouseholds to increase current real saving.b. a lower interest rate will motivatehouseholds to increase current realconsumption.d. all of the above.31. With a temporary change in technology the model predicts:a. the interest rate will be procyclical. c. a higher interest rate will motivatehouseholds to decrease current real saving.b. a lower interest rate will motivatehouseholds to decrease current realconsumption.d. all of the above.32. With a temporary change in technology, we would expect:a. the income effect of consumption to belarger. c. the intertemporal substitution effect onconsumption to be larger.b. the income effect of consumption to besmaller. d. the intertemporal substitution effect onconsumption to be larger.33. With a temporary positive change in technology we would expect real current consumption:a. to increase a lot. c. to remain unchanged.b. to decrease a lot. d. to either increase or decrease a little.34. With a temporary change in technology, A, we expect little change in consumption because:a. the income effect on consumption islarger. c. the intertemporal-substitution effect islarger.b. the income effect on consumption issmaller. d. the intertemporal-substitution effect issmaller.35. The model predicts that an economic expansion caused by a temporary increase in technology, A,would lead to:a. high real GDP and investment. c. low real GDP and investment.b. low real GDP and high real investment. d. high real GDP and low real investment.36. Temporary changes in technology, A, conflict with the data in that:a. investment is clearly acyclical. c. the wage rate is clearly countercyclical.b. consumption is clearly procyclical. d. all of the above.37. A higher real wage:a. makes consumption more expensive. c. makes leisure less expensive.b. makes it a worse deal for households towork an extra hour.d. makes leisure more expensive.38. A higher real wage:a. increases the income of householdsinducing them to work more. c. increases the income of householdsinducing them to work less.b. decreases the income of householdsinducing them to work more. d. decreases the income of householdsinducing them to work less.39. The overall effect of a higher real wage is:a. to increase labor as the income andsubstitution effect reinforce each other. c. to decrease labor as the income andsubstitution effect reinforce each other.b. ambiguous on labor as the income andsubstitution effect work against eachother. d. ambiguous because the income andsubstitution effect reinforce each other.40. We expect that an increase in real wages will:a. increase labor supply, if temporary. c. increase labor supply, whether permanentor temporary.b. increase labor supply, if permanent. d. reduce labor supply, whether permanent ortemporary.41. An increase in the interest rate induces worker to:a. work more in the current period and lessin the future. c. work less in the current period and morein the future.b. work more in the current period and in thefuture. d. work less in the current period and in thefuture.42. A higher interest rate makes:a. future consumption cheaper. c. current consumption more expensive.b. future leisure cheaper. d. all of the above.43. A higher interest rate makes:a. future consumption and leisure moreexpensive.c. future consumption and leisure cheaper.b. future consumption cheaper and futureleisure more expensive. d. future consumption more expensive andfuture leisure cheaper.44. A higher interest rate makes:a. current consumption and leisure moreexpensive.c. current consumption and leisure cheaper.b. current consumption cheaper and current.leisure more expensive. d. current consumption more expensive andcurrent leisure cheaper.45. A higher interest rate makes:a. current consumption and future leisuremore expensive. c. current consumption and future leisurecheaper.b. current consumption cheaper and future.leisure more expensive. d. current consumption more expensive andfuture leisure cheaper.46. Intertemporal substitution effects motivate households to:a. supply more labor when the wage rate istemporarily low. c. supply less labor when the wage rate istemporarily low.b. supply more labor when the wage rate ispermanently low. d. supply more labor when the wage rate ispermanently low.47. In the US since 1964 total hours worked and employment have been:a. acyclical. c. procyclical.b. countercyclical. d. exogenous.48. The measure of labor productivity used in the popular media is:a. Y/L c. procyclical.b. average product of labor. d. all of the above.49. In the model with an upward sloping supply curve of labor and increase demand for labor due to apositive technological, A, change:a. increases employment and the real wage. c. decreases employment and the real wage.b. decreases employment and increases thereal wage. d. decreases employment and increases thereal wage.50. When the labor supply of households is allowed to slope upward:a. the model predictions match the observeddata that employment and real wages arecountercyclical. c. the model predictions do not match theobserved data that employment and real wages are procyclical.b. the model predictions do not match theobserved data that employment and real wages are countercyclical. d. the model predictions match the observeddata that employment and real wages areprocyclical.SHORT ANSWER1. If there is a positive technological change, what happens in the labor market?2. What does the model predict about investment when technology increases and why and what do thedata show about investment in the US?3. What happens to consumption when there is a permanent and temporary increase in technology, A,and why?4. What is the relationship between real GDP and the cyclical part of GDP?5. What happens in the model, if a temporary technology change increase real wages temporarily?。