• 与大量生产方式相比，
– 只需一半的(人员、场地、投资) – 产出质量更高、品种更多的产品
Some statistics from 1986
A comparison of
1) assembly hours 2) defects / 100 cars 3) average inventory levels
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Vendor
生产方式的演变
• 手工生产方式 • 大量生产方式 • 精细生产方式 • 大规模定制
• 法、德（19世纪） • 奔驰公司
• 美国（20世纪上半叶） • 福特公司
• 日本（20世纪下半叶） • 丰田公司
精细生产方式 Lean Production
• 美麻省理工学院国际汽车项目组的研究 人员给日本汽车工业的生产方式起的名 称。
Lean Production
JIT & Lean Production Systems 准时制与精益生产方式
Just-in-time Production Systems
• Lean Production Defined
• LP的定义
•
The Toyota Production System
•
丰田生产系 统
(2) Waste of waiting time (2) 等待时间的浪费
(3) Transportation waste
(3) 运输的浪费
(4) Inventory waste
(4) 库存的浪费
(5) Processing waste
(5) 工序的浪费
(6) Waste of motion
(6) 动作中的浪费
• Lean Production also involves the elimination of waste in production effort
• Lean Production also involves the timing of production resources (i.e., parts arrive at the next workstation “just in time”)
–Always use simple approaches
•Simple designs •Simple control •Mistake-proof processes
Waste—Operations 生产中的七种浪费
(1) Waste from overproduction (1)过量生产的浪费
• LP: 利用低库存获得高产 量的一整套活动.
• LP:努力消除浪费 • LP:生产资源的时间编排
(JIT)
Here the customer starts the process, pulling an inventory item from Final Assembly…
Then subassembly work is pulled forward by that demand…
• Lean Implementation Requirements
• LP的实施条 件
• Lean Services
• 精益服务
2
Lean Production Defined
精益生产方式的定义
Lean Production 定义
• Lean Production can be defined as an integrated set of activities designed to achieve high-volume production using minimal inventories (raw materials, work in process, and finished goods)
• 全民就业的目标 （实业建国）
• 政府扶持计划选 定的产业
• 引进技术 （而非 自主开发）
• 注重生产一线 • 持续质量改进
5
Two Philosophies 核心理念
• Elimination of waste • Respect for people.
• 消除浪费 • 尊重人
•Strive for Simplicity(another US Textbook)
Framingham (GM)
• 40.7 hours • 130 defects • 2 weeks
Toyota Takaoka
• 16 hours • 45 defects • 2 hours
The Japanese Approach to Productivity 精益生产方式的产生背景
• Goal of full employment in the post WWII period.
Lowering the “Water” Level
Inventory Reductions
Production Problems
Step Two - Deal with Exposed Problems
Inventory Reductions
Process Improvement of Production Problem
• Government (MITI) supported improvement of targeted industries.
• Imported technologies.
• Efforts concentrated on factory floor.
• Quality improvement focus
(7) Waste from product defects (7) 产品缺陷的浪费
6
The “Rocks in the Stream” Concept
Boat (company operations)
Water Level (Inventory) Rock (problem)
Production Problems
Customers
Final Assembly
Pull System拉动系统
FabΒιβλιοθήκη VendorSub
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The process continues throughout the entire production process and supply chain
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