将两类本质上不同的事物之间的共同点加以比较， 在形式上很像比喻，也用比喻词。常用来阐释复杂的概念。 类比最常见的句型为 A is to B as C is to D Food is to the body as fuel is to the engine. Shoe is to foot as tire is to wheel Followers are to a leader as planets are to a sun 当要解释一个比较抽象的概念时，类比可以很好地帮助你 将概念形象化，具体化。 Don’t worry about the future,; or worry---but know that worrying is as effective as trying to solve an algebra equation by chewing bubble gum.


本质上是一种暗喻，其特点是赋予非人类范畴的东 西一些人的特征。 The forest held its breath, and the trees seemed to listern intently. The sun kissed the green fields。 The thirsty desert drank up the water.

是一种通过人们熟知的某个谚语、格言、名剧 乃至文章体裁适当地改头换面而构成的一种颇为新 奇的表达方式。它既仿照又变化。 Hatred begets hatred . 怨怨相报。-------Tragedy begets tragedy . Lie begets lie. No pains, no gains. ----Not root, no fruit



是比喻的一种，是对两种具有共同特征的事物或现 象进行对比，表明本体和喻体的相似关系，两者都 在对比中出现，且常带有比喻词，如： Like/ seem / be something of / as /resemble/ comparable to /similar to / akin to/ be analogous to My love is like a red, red rose. (Robert Burns)





用两种不调和、甚至截然相反的特征来形容一项事 物，在矛盾中寻求哲理，以达到修辞效果。它是反 论的一种浓缩形式。 Can enemies become mortal friends ? 敌人能 成为不共戴天的朋友吗？ England Harrison worte a book with the title A savage Civilization The parental discipline can be described as cruel kindness.



又称为讽刺，通过使用与本义相反的词表示本意， 来达到一种嘲弄、赞扬、幽默的效果。当然，词汇手段只 是反语表达的一种。 When the doctor came, they said she had died of heart disease----of joy that kills. It must be delightful to find oneself in a foreign country without a penny in one’s pocket. 言语上的反语往往需要配合上下文来理解，它不尽然表达 批评或讽刺，有些时候也能表达赞扬和幽默。








小提示： 英语词形的特殊构成（词根、前缀、后缀）使 其富于同源词，许多英文的名人隽语都是用同源格构成的。 Love sought is good, but given unsought is better. (Shakespeare) 千寻百觅得来的爱情固然好，佳偶天成则更美妙。 双关 双关（pun）是英语修辞的一种常见形式。它巧妙地利用 同音异义或者同形异义现象使一个词语或句子具有两种不 同的含义。 We must all hang together, or we shall all hang separately. (Benjamin Franklin) (团结、绞死) The friendly gardner had a lot of thyme(time) for the woman. 那位和善的园丁留了许多百里香（与“时间”谐音）给那 个女人。


是借代的一种，所不同的是英语换称中所用的专有名词通 常源于西方宗教、历史以及文学作品中的专有名词或者形 象。如： Solomon 所罗门------a wise man 聪明人， 出自圣 经 Judas 犹大------ a traitor 叛徒，出自圣经 Helen 海伦----------红颜祸水，美女海伦为斯巴达王 的王后，因她被帕里斯拐去而引起特洛伊战争。 Venus 维纳斯--------Beauty 美的化身，出自古希腊 神话。 Reform is a Pandora’s box; opening up the system can lead to a loss of economic and political control.









又称逆论或者是似是而非的隽语，即乍听似乎荒唐 而实际上却有道理的某种说法。 More haste, less speed. What is improbable is extremely probable. From disaster fortune comes, in fortune lurks disaster. Extremes meet 物极必反 A friend to everybody is a friend to nobody 人 人友，非真友。 Everybody’s business is nobody’s business.

小提示： 从结构上，可以把矛盾修辞法的两个相反词义关系分位反 义关系和准反义关系。其中准反义关系的为多。 反义关系： Idiotic wisdom 愚蠢的智慧 Victorious defeat 胜利的失败 Crowded solitude 拥挤的独处 Bitterly happy 苦涩的愉快 准反义关系 Cold fire 寒冷的火焰 Sweet sorrow 甜蜜的悲伤 Absolutely right 绝对的正确 A woman of devastating beau或现象进行对比；所不 同的是在形式上，暗喻中本体和喻体之间多通过Be 动词来联系。省掉比喻词。 明喻：Life is like an unexplored river, full of twists and turns, great beauty and dangerous surprises . 暗喻： Life is an unexplored river, full of twists and turns, great beauty, and dangerous surprises.



是通过借用与某种事物密切相关的东西来表 示该事物。例如用单词word 来表示话语或者消息 news， 用硬币penny来表示钱 money. Word comes that the Chinese government will send a pair of giant pandas to the United States. This computer will cost you a pretty penny.

回环（regression）也是一种重复，它在一个句 子或短文中以相反的顺序重复前面出现过的词语。回环是 构成名言警句的常见手段，有很强的生命力。 It is better to make friends fast than to make fast friends. 交友要诚挚，而不是轻率地交朋友。 Flowers are lovely; lovely is flower like. 花儿可爱，可人儿如花。 Better to know everything of something than something of everything. 精通有限的领域，胜过万事都只知道点皮毛。（培根）



是在对照的基础上形成的一种并列结构，通过 并列两组内涵反差强大的词，强调其差异，有力地 解释它们是一个整体的两个相反组成的侧面。(在理 解时，可以把平行对照看作对照（contrast）和平 行（parallelism的叠加。）) I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character. That’s one small step for man; one giant leap for mankind.


They call for you: the general who became a slave; the slave who became a gladiator; the gladiator who defied an Emperor They have promised to finish the work and finish it they will.




是比喻的一种，主要特点是以局部代表全体，或以全体喻 指部分，或以抽象代表具体，或以具体代抽象。与换喻 （借代）相比，提喻的本体和喻体之间的关系较单纯。 He has many mouths to feed in his family mouth ----people They counted fifty sails in the harbour sails -----ships He is a valiant heart heart -----man 提喻的本体与喻体之间的关系是局部—全体，具体—抽象 之间的关系，而换喻的本体与喻体之间的关系更为复杂。