生物工程专业英语5
1. Genes code for particular proteins
The first scientist to investigate the question of how genes affect phenotype was Sir Archibald Garrod, whose studies of alkaptonuria (尿黑酸症)implied a relationship between genes and enzymes. Archibald Garrod是第一个研究基因是如 何影响表型的科学家,他对尿黑酸症的研 究揭示了基因与酶之间的关系。
Colin M.MacLeod及Maclyn McCarty开始试图纯化
能把R品系变成S品系的转化因子并鉴定其化学成 分。1944年发表报告说,已将该物质分离出,活 性极强。用蛋白酶或核酸酶处理不影响其转化能力, 用DNA酶处理转化能力消失。
At about the same time P.A.Levene discovered that DNA contained four nitrogenous bases, each of which was attached to a sugar molecule and a phosphate group-a combination Levene termed a nucleotide 几乎同时, P.A.Levene 发现DNA包含四 种含氮碱基,每个碱基和磷酸分子分别连 接在糖分子上,Levene把这个复合物称 为核苷酸。
double helix:双螺旋 The three-dimensional structure of double-stranded DNA.
DNA polymerase: DNA聚合酶 An enzyme that brings new DNA triphosphate(三磷酸盐) nucleotides(核苷) into position for bonding on another DNA molecule.
Adenine and guanine molecules are doublering structures called purines, while cytosine and thymine are single-ring structures called pyrimidines. 腺嘌呤和鸟嘌呤分子是双环结构叫嘌呤,胞嘧 啶和胸腺嘧啶是单环结构叫嘧啶。
In 1949, in research on the role of hemoglobin(血红素)in sickle(镰刀) cell anemia(贫血症), Linus Pauling helped refine the one-gene-one-enzyme hypothesis into the one-gene-one-polypeptide hypothesis. 1949年,Linus Pauling对镰刀状细胞贫血症血 红素的研究将一个基因一个酶的假说上升为一 个基因一个多肽假说。
Disagreement over whether DNA could carry complex genetic information was ended in the early 1950s by Martha Chase and Alfred Hershey, whose work with E.coli showed clearly that DNA, and not protein, is the bearer of genetic information. 二十世纪五十年代初期,关于DNA能否负载复杂的 遗传信息的分歧结束, Martha Chase and Alfred Hershey,通过对大肠杆菌实验发现,遗传物质是 DNA,而不是蛋白质。
Frederick Griffith’s experiments with the Rough and Smooth stains of pneumococci showed that as yet unknown material from one set of bacterial could alter the physical traits of a second set. Frederick Griffith对粗糙和光滑的肺炎双球菌 实验表明,不确定的某种物质可以从一组细菌 转移到另一种细菌中并能改变另一种细菌的物 理属性。
semiconservative replication: 半保留复制 The method of replication of DNA in which the molecule divides longitudinally(纵向地), each half being conserved and acting as a template for the formation of a new strand.
Their work paved the way for other scientists to elucidate the precise ways in which enzymes affect complex metabolic pathways.
他们的工作为其他工作者铺平了道路,即 精确地阐明了酶影响了复杂的新陈代谢途 径。
one-gene-one-polypeptide (多 肽)hypothesis:
The hypothesis that a large class of genes exist in which each gene controls the synthesis of a single polypeptide. The polypeptide may function independently or as a subunit of a more complex protein
Lesson Five Discovering the Chemical Nature of the Gene
Purine: 嘌呤 adenine:腺嘌呤 guanine:鸟嘌呤 Pyrimidine:嘧啶 cytosine:胞嘧啶 thymine:胸腺嘧啶 uracipurine or pyrimidine base attached to ribose(核糖) or deoxyribose(脱氧核糖)
Each DNA nucleotide contains a fivecarbon sugar, deoxyribose, attached to one of four bases: adenine, guanine, cytosine, or thymine 每个核苷酸都含有一个五碳、脱氧核糖, 分别连接4个碱基,即:腺嘌呤,鸟嘌呤, 胞嘧啶,胸腺嘧啶。
1902年,Archibold Garrod发现了一种 人类遗传疾病——尿黑酸症 (alkaptonuria),患者由于体内缺乏分解 尿黑酸(alkapton)的酶,因此,排出的尿 呈深红色。这是首次将一个遗传性状和 一个蛋白质的活性进行了链接。
Thirty years later Beadle and Ephrussi showed a relationship between particular genes and biosynthetic reactions responsible for eye color in fruit flies. 三十年后, Beadle 和Ephrussi在对果蝇眼 睛颜色的研究发现特殊基因与相关反应的 生物合成有关。
P.A.Levene (1869,2,25俄国Sasor-1940,9,6美国纽 约) 1891年毕业于圣彼得堡帝国军事医学院, 医学博士, 与其老师A.Kssel及同学W.Jones 一起弄清了弄清了 核酸的基本化学结构,证实核酸是由许多核苷酸组成 的大分子。核苷酸是由碱基、核糖和磷酸构成。其 中碱基有4种(腺瞟呤、鸟瞟呤、胞嘧啶和胸腺嘧啶), 核糖有2种(核糖与脱氧核糖)
one-gene-one-enzyme hypothesis:
The hypothesis that a large class of gene exist in which each gene controls the synthesis or activity of but a single enzyme.
认为一个基因仅仅参与一个酶的生成,并决定该酶的特异 性和影响表型。G.W.Bea-dle和E.L.Tatum在1941年发表了 链孢霉中生化反应遗传控制的研究;进而使应用各种生化 突变型对基因作用的研究有了发展。Beadle在1945年总结 了这些结果,提出了一个基因一个酶的假说。以后发现, 不仅链孢霉,而且细菌和酵母菌等各种生物由于生化突变 都会引起特定酶的缺损,从而导致了特定的代谢反应阻滞, 这进一步证明了这个假说的正确性。但是有些酶是由不同 的多肽链特异地聚合起来才会呈现有活性,也有一个基因 所决定的同样多肽链是两种或两种以上不同酶的组成成分。 此外,有的基因能决定具有两种或两种以上作用的酶,也 有几个基因所决定的多肽链通过聚合才能发挥作用。随着 酶学、蛋白质化学的进展、遗传学方法的进步,进一步弄 清楚了基因与酶的关系是建立在基因与多肽链严密对应的 关系基础上的。表示这种对应关系的学说就是一个基因一 条多肽链假说。
In the 1940s the team of Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty showed that this unknown material was DNA.
二十世纪四十年代,Avery, MacLeod和 McCarty研究小组确认该物质为DNA。
1935年,美国洛克菲勒学院的Osvald T. Avery和
2. The search for the chemistry and molecular structure of nucleic acids Nuclei acids, originally isolated by Johann Miescher in 1871, was identified as a prime constituent of chromosomes through the use of the red-staining method developed by Feulgen in the early 1900s. 核酸最初是由Johann Miescher于1871 年分离成 功,二十世纪早期Feulgen用红色染料染色法 证实核酸是染色体组最基本的成分。