Athens
Sparta
Great Athenian Philosophers
• 苏格拉底（Socrates） - Know thyself! - question everything - only the pursuit of goodness brings happiness.
Great Athenian Philosophers • 柏拉图（Plato） - The Academy（雅典学院） - Theory of Ideas (理念论） - The Republic（理想国） philosopher-king （哲学王）
Plato’s
doctrine is founded on the belief that there are two worlds, one we can readily see and experience with our senses, and the other unseen and eternal.
In defining “right action,” Aristotle offers his Doctrine of the Mean, which serves as a guide toward achieving moral virtue and happiness. 在对“正确的行为”下定义时，亚里士多德 提出中庸的观点。中庸被看做是实现道德德 性和幸福的向导。
柏拉图的教义基础是两个世界并存的信念。 一个世界是我们正在看到且用感官能感知的 世界，另一个世界则是看不见的、是永恒的。

“Until philosophers are kings or the kings and rulers of this world have the spirit of philosophy, until political power and wisdom are united … states will never have rest from their evils, nor … will the human race.”

Aristotle’s principal concern in his Ethics is moral virtue, which might best be described as “good character.”
道德德性是亚里士多德在他的《伦理学》一 书中最为关注的，对它的最佳解释是“好的 品格”。
“除非哲学家来当王或是国王与世界的统治者们 具有哲学精神，除非能将政治力量与智慧联系起 来，否则，国家永远无法远离罪恶……全人类也 得不到太平。”
Great Athenian Philosophers
• 亚里士多德（Aristotle） - “Golden Mean” （中庸之道） [everything in moderation] - Logic（逻辑学）
—— Plato
“We Greeks live around the sea like frogs around a pond.” ——Plato
城 邦 居 民
自由人
公民 polite
贵族 全权公民 aristocrat (成年男性) Full-citizenship 妇女
平民 commoner

——罗素Russell 希腊在研究西方文明中的重要性）
The Geography of Greece
希腊的地理位置
The Acropolis Today
今日雅典卫城（视频：卫城）
The Parthenon
帕特农神庙

There are remaining only the bones of the wasted body, as they may be called, as in the case of small islands, all the richer and softer parts of the soil having fallen away, and the mere skeleton of the land being left.
外邦人 Resident aliens 奴隶 Helot
Political
ruler Land owner Polis defender
The Hoplite Phalanx 重装步兵
雅典公共支出账目碑
Theater at Epidauros 埃皮道罗斯剧场
（视频）
Peloponnesian Wars
The Age of Alexander the Great
希腊雅典的崛起 希腊城邦社会结构及其特点 古典希腊文化表现（哲学、宗教、艺术） 希腊化时代（亚历山大）
In all history, nothing is so surprising or so difficult to account for as the sudden rise of civilization in Greece. 在全部的历史里，最使人感到惊讶或难以 解说的莫过于希腊文明的突然兴起了。
Hellenistic Philosophers
• Epicurians Epicurus 伊壁鸠鲁(公元前342?-270)
•
- avoid pain & seek pleasure. - all excess leads to pain! - politics should be avoided.

the School of Athens 拉斐尔《雅典学派》
Plato
is dear to me, but dearer still is truth.
Hellenistic Philosophers
• 犬儒学派Cynics Diogenes 戴奥真尼 斯,公元前412-323
•
- ignore social conventions & avoid luxuries. - citizens of the world. - live a humble, simple life.