1993 Text 1Paragraph 11、Is language, like food, a basic human need without which a child at a critical period of life can be starved and damaged?语言是否像食物一样，是人类的基本需要呢?没有语言，在生命的关键时刻孩子是否会挨饿呢?孩子的身体是否受损呢?1.1 basic英/'beɪsɪk/ 美/'beɪsɪk/n. 基础；要素adj. 基本的；基础的1.2 starved英/stɑːvd/ 美/stɑ:vd/adj. （等于starving）饥饿的饥饿1.3 starve英/stɑːv/ 美/stɑrv/vi. 饿死；挨饿；渴望vt. 使饿死；使挨饿2、Judging from the drastic experiment of FrederickⅠin the thirteenth century, it may be. Hoping to discover what language a child would speak if he heard no mother tongue, he told the nurses to keep silent.从13世纪弗里德里克一世所做的大量实验中得出判断，情况也许就是如此。

为了发现婴儿在听不到母语的情况下会讲什么语言，他要求保育员保持沉默。

2.1 drastic英/'dræstɪk; 'drɑː-/ 美/'dræstɪk/n. 烈性泻药adj. 激烈的；猛烈的(大量的)2.2 tongue英/tʌŋ/ 美/tʌŋ/n. 舌头；语言vt. 舔；斥责；用舌吹vi. 说话；吹管乐器Paragraph 21、All the infant s died before the first year. But clearly there was more than lack of language here. What was missing was good mothering. 所有婴儿在一年之内都死了。

不过很显然，这里缺乏的不仅仅是语言，还缺乏的是伟大的母爱。

1.1 infant英/'ɪnf(ə)nt/ 美/'ɪnfənt/n. 婴儿；未成年人adj. 婴儿的；幼稚的；初期的；未成年的1.2 more than英/mɔːðæn/ 美/mɔr ðæn/多于；超出；比……多;不仅仅2、Without good mothering, in the first year of life especially, the capacity to survive is seriously affected.没有好的母爱，生存能力，特别是在生命的第一年，会受到严重的影响。

2.1 capacity英/kə'pæsɪtɪ/ 美/kə'pæsəti/n. 能力；容量；资格，地位；生产力Paragraph 31、Today no such severe lack exists as that ordered by Frederick. Nevertheless, some children are still backward in speaking. 今天，当初弗里德里克所要求的那种严重缺乏的情况已不复存在。

然而，一些孩子的语言表现仍然迟钝。

1.1 lack英/læk/ 美/læk/n. 缺乏；不足vt. 缺乏；不足；没有；需要vi. 缺乏；不足；没有1.1.1 The school suspended for lack of finances. 那所学校因经费不足而暂时停办。

1.1.2 Lack of food and supplies caused disaffection among the soldiers. 食物和补给的不足造成士兵的不满。

Her eyes were puffed from lack of sleep. 她因睡眠不足而双眼浮肿。

1.2 nevertheless英/nevəðə'les/ 美/,nɛvɚðə'lɛs/conj. 然而，不过adv. 然而，不过；虽然如此1.3 backward英/'bækwəd/ 美/'bækwɚd/adj. 向后的；反向的；发展迟缓的adv. 向后地；相反地2、Most often the reason for this is that the mother is insensitive to the signals of the infant, whose brain is programmed to learn language rapidly.其原因往往是母亲对婴儿大脑已作好快速学习语言准备所发出的信号不敏感。

2.1 rapidly英/'ræpɪdlɪ/ 美/'ræpɪdli/adv. 迅速地；很快地；立即3、If these sensitive periods are neglect ed, the ideal time for acquiring skills passes and they might never be learned so easily again. 如果这些敏感时期被忽略，或获取技能的理想阶段被错过，那么，这些婴儿就可能再也不会如此简单地学习了。

3.1 neglect英/nɪ'glekt/ 美/nɪ'glɛkt/n. 疏忽，忽视；怠慢vt. 疏忽，忽视；忽略3.2 ideal英/aɪ'dɪəl; aɪ'diːəl/ 美/aɪ'diəl/n. 理想；典范adj. 理想的；完美的；想象的；不切实际的4、A bird learns to sing and to fly rapidly at the right time, but the process is slow and hard once the critical stage has passed.鸟在适当的时机很快学会唱歌与飞翔，然而，一旦错过关键时期，这一学习过程就会既缓慢又艰难。

4.1 critical英/'krɪtɪk(ə)l/ 美/'krɪtɪkl/adj. 鉴定的；[核] 临界的；批评的，爱挑剔的；危险的；决定性的；评论的Paragraph 41、Experts suggest that speech stages are reached in a fixed sequence and at a constant age, but there are cases where speech has started late in a child who eventually turns out to be of high IQ. 专家们认为，不同语言阶段的发展是按固定的顺序和年龄实现的，但是，在某些情况下，开始说话较晚的婴儿长大后却有较高的智商。

1.1 fixed英/fɪkst/ 美/fɪkst/adj. 确定的；固执的；<美口>处境...的；准备好的in a fixed sequence 在一个固定的序列at a constant age在恒定的时候2、At twelve weeks a baby smiles and makes vowel-like sounds; at twelve months he can speak simple words and understand simple command s; at eighteen months he has a vocabulary of three to fifty words. 12周时，婴儿会笑并会发出似元音的声音；12个月时，能讲出简单的词语，听懂简单的命令；18个月时，大约有词汇量3--50个。

2.1 vowel英/'vaʊəl/ 美/'vaʊəl/n. 元音；母音adj. 元音的3、At three he knows about l, 000 words which he can put into sentences, and at four his language differs from that of his parents in style rather than grammar. 三岁时，大约认识1000个词，并能用这些词造句。

四岁时，其语言与父母的不同只表现在风格上而不是语法方面。

3.1Paragraph 51、Recent evidence suggests that an infant is born with the capacity to speak. 最新资料表明，婴儿生来就具有说话的能力。

1.1 infant英/'ɪnf(ə)nt/ 美/'ɪnfənt/n. 婴儿；幼儿；未成年人adj. 婴儿的；幼稚的；初期的；未成年的2、What is special about man`s brain, compared with that of the monkey, is the complex system which enables a child to connect the sight and feel of, say, a toy-bear with the sound pattern “toy-bear”. 与猴脑相比，人脑的特殊之处在于其复杂的系统。

这一复杂系统使婴儿把所见所感联系起来，比如，把玩具熊及其发音联系起来。

2.1 complex英/'kɒmpleks/ 美/ˈkɑmplɛks;kəmˈplɛks/n. 复合体；综合设施adj. 复杂的；合成的2.2 pattern英/'pæt(ə)n/ 美/ˈpætərn/n. 模式；图案；样品vt. 模仿；以图案装饰vi. 形成图案3、And even more incredible is the young brain`s ability to pick out an order in language from the mixture of sound around him, to analyze, to combine and recombine the parts of a language in new ways. 更令人难以相信的是婴儿从其周围杂乱的声音中识别语言顺序的能力，以及分析和按新的方式组合与重新组合语言要素的能力。