英汉语言差异性特征对比
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Synthetic vs. Analytic Hypotactic vs. Paratactic Compact vs. Diffusive Subject prominent vs. Topic-prominent Chronicle vs. Non-chronicle Stative vs. Dynamic
2. The mountains began to throw their long blue shadows over the valley. 群山开始向山谷投下一道道蔚蓝色长影。
3. 李教授原打算在这干一辈子的，但还是由于种种原因去 了深圳。
Professor Li had planned to work here for the rest of his life, but now he has been to Shenzhen for reasons. 4.一群人立刻把他围住了，向他提出一个又一个问题。 Very soon he was surrounded by a crowd and was snowed under with questions.
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Feature of English as a Synthetic Language 英语通过词汇的形态变化，表示句子丰富多采的 语言关系和逻辑关系。
形态变化包括性(gender)、数(number)、格(case)、 时 (tense) 、 体 (aspect) 、 语 态 (voice) 、 语 气 (mood)、比较级(degree of comparison)、人称 (person)、词性(parts of speech)。
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Hypotactic vs. Paratactic 形合与意合
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孟子曰：“鱼，我所欲也；熊掌，亦我所欲也。二者 不可得兼，舍鱼而取熊掌者也。生，我所欲也；义， 亦我所欲也。二者不可得兼，舍生而取义者也。”
paratactic
Mencius said, “ I like fish and I also like
bear’s paws. If I cannot have the two
together, I will let the fish go and take the
bear’s paws. In a similar way, I like life, and
I also like righteousness. If I cannot have the
two together, I will give up my life to preserve
righteousness.”
hypotactic
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Hypotactic vs. Paratactic
The American Heritage Dictionary defines
hypotaxis as “the dependent or subordinate construction or relationship of clauses with
analytic
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Synthetic vs. Analytic
A synthetic language is “characterized by frequent and systematic use of inflected forms to express grammatical relationships.
connectives”, for example, I shall despair if you don’t come. The World Book Dictionary defines parataxis
as “the arranging of clauses one after the other without connectives showing the
词汇手段（lexical equivalence） 语义手段（semantic connection） 用前两种手段连接成为形合 （hypotaxis）, 用后一种手段连接成为意 合（parataxis）。
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Feature of English as a hypotactic Language
relation between them”, for example, The rain fell; the river flooded; the house washed away.
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在不同的语言中，句子内部连接或外部 链接几乎都是用三种手段：
句法手段（syntactic devices）
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Synthetic vs. Analytic 综合与分析
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They told me that by the end of the year they would have been working together for thirty years.
synthetic
他们告诉我，到（那年）年底，他们在一起工 作就有三十年了。
Feature of Chinese as an Analytic Language
汉语基本没有形态变化，主要靠词语、词序及暗 含逻辑关系来表达句子的语言意义。
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Practice
1.听到他这样讲话，我差点笑出来了。 I could have laughed to hear him talk like this.
An analytic language is “characterized by a relatively frequent use of function words, auxiliary verbs, and changes in word order to express syntactic relations, rather than of inflected forms”.