不定式的句法功能归纳非谓语动词之不定式非谓语动词及可以做的句法成分一览表:动词不定式复心中应注意的几个问题不定式虽然不能做谓语,但保留着动词的特征,可带有自己的宾语和状语,从而形成不定式短语。
不定式短语具有名词、形容词及副词的性质,可做主语、宾语、宾语补足语、表语、同位语、定语及状语等句子成分。
一、做主语(1)英语中,不定式短语可放在句首充当句子的主语。
如:To learn English well is very important. 学好英语很重要。
(2)但为了使句子平衡,常用it做形式主语放在句首,而将真正的主语——不定式放到句末,特别是在疑问句及感叹句中必须采用这种方式。
如:It is very important to learn English well. 学好英语很重要。
Is it necessary to bring an umbrella today? 今天带雨伞有必要吗?(3)不定式做主语时,不能有单独的名词或代词做逻辑主语,而应用for sb. /of sb. 做它的逻辑主语,当不定式表示对逻辑主语的利害关系时,用for sb;当不定式用来对逻辑主语表示赞美或责备时,用of sb。
如:It is not good for your eye to read in the sun. 在阳光下看对你的眼睛不好。
It is very kind of you to help us. 你来帮助我们,真是太好了。
二、做宾语(1)在英语中,不定式可用来做宾语。
如:He agrees to go with us. 他同意跟我们一起去。
I want to buy a Chinese-English dictionary. 我想买一本汉英词典。
(2)不定式做宾语时须注意:A.不定式并不是可做任何及物动词的宾语。
能接不定式做宾语的动词有:afford, agree, arrange, ask, attempt, begin, care, choose, continue, dare, decide, desire, demand, determine, elect, expect, fail, hate, hesitate, hope, intend, know, learn, like, long, love, manage, mean, need, offer, plan, prepare, promise, pretend, prefer, refuse, require, start, try, wait, want, wish, wonder. 如:I can’t afford to buy such an expensive compu ter. 我买不起这么昂贵的电脑。
He decided to work in that factory. 他决定去那家工厂工作。
B. 做宾语的不定式如果带有自己的补足语,则须用it做形式宾语,而将真正的宾语置于补足语之后。
如:Do you think it necessary to master a foreign language? 你认为掌握一门外语有必要吗?I find it interesting to stay with you. 我发觉与你呆在一起很有趣。
C. 不定式一般不做介词的宾语,但可做介词but, except的宾语,并且,当but, except 前面如果有动词do时,不定式的to须省略。
如:He said nothing except to go away. 他一话没说就走了。
Now we can’t do anything but wait for him. 现在我们只能等待他。
三、做宾语的补足语不定式做宾语的补足语须从三个方面来掌握。
(1)动词接动词不定式做宾语的补足语时,不定式的to不能省略。
这样的动词有:advise, allow, ask, beg, cause, encourage, expect, force, forbid, get, help, order, permit, persuade, require, teach, tell, want, wish, warn, call on, wait for, long for。
如:The teacher advised us to learn through experiment. 老师劝我们通过实验来学习。
They didn’t allow us to enter the hall. 他们不允许我们进入大厅。
(2)动词接动词不定式做宾语的补足语时,不定式的to须省略。
这样的动词有:have, let, make, feel, hear, notice, see, watch, observe ,但它们变为被动语态时,不定式的to不能省略。
如The boss made the workers work over ten hours a day in the past. — The workers were made to work over ten hours a day by the boss. 过去老板使工人们每天工作十多个小时。
I saw Li Lei fall down from his bike. —Li Lei was seen to fall down from his bike. 我看见李蕾从单车上摔了下来。
四、做表语(1)不定式短语可用来做系动词的表语。
如:My hope is to become a scientist like Einstein. 我的希望就是做一个像爱因斯坦那样的科学家。
My job is to teach English. 我的工作就是教英语。
(2)不定式做表语时须注意两点:A.一般说来,不定式前面的to不能省略,但当主语部分含有动词do时,to须省略。
如:What I want is to visit the History Museum now. 我所想的就是现在去参观历史博物馆。
What he wants to do is go swimming in that river. 他想做的事就是去河里游泳。
B. 不定式的逻辑主语是句子的主语时,表示主语的责任、义务或将来的行为;当不定式的逻辑主语不是句子的主语时,不定式是表语,表示主语的内容或性质。
如:We are to keep the order in the street. 我们将去街上维持秩序。
(将来时)Our job is to keep the order in the street. 我们的工作是维持街上的秩序。
(系表结构)五、做定语(1)不定式做定语时,一般放在所修饰的名词、代词之后,表示即将发生的动作。
如:We have much work to do. 我们有很多事情要做。
I have a letter to answer. 我有一封信要回复。
(2)不定式做定语时,中心词与不定式的关系:A.主谓关系,即:中心词是不定式的逻辑主语。
如:Li Lei was the first student to come into the classroom this morning. 今天早晨李蕾是第一个进教室的学生。
Liu Ying was the very girl to meet you. 刘英正是来接你的那个女孩子。
B. 动宾关系,即:中心词是不定式的逻辑宾语。
如:Do you have anything to do now? 你现在有事情要做吗?I have some clothes to wash. 我有些衣服要洗。
当不定式与所修饰的中心词有动宾关系时,不定式中的动词须为及物动词,若是不及物动词,不定式后须加上适当的介词。
如:Go ahead, please. I have a friend to wait for here. 请先走吧,我还有个朋友要在这儿等。
C. 说明关系,即:不定式是中心词的内容。
如:I had a dream to fly in the sky like a bird. 我做了一个像鸟儿在天上飞的梦I have a wish to go to college. 我有一个上大学的愿望。
六、做状语不定式做状语,可表示动作的目的、结果、原因、条件和方式。
A.表目的表目的时,不定式可放在句子的前面也可放在句子的末尾。
但在句子前面时,不定式常与句子用逗号隔开;而在句子末尾时一般不用逗号隔开。
如:To get there on time, we set out at five in the morning. 为了按时到达那儿,我们早晨五点就出发了。
He goes there to enjoy the fresh air. 他去那儿享受那儿的新鲜空气。
比较:to do, in order to do, so as to do都可表示目的,但to do, in order to do的位置既可在句首,又可在句末;而so as to do只能在句末(from )。
In order to build a house, he bought some wood and steel yesterday. —He bought some wood and steel yesterday in order to build a house. / He bought some wood and steel yesterday so as to build a house. 为了建房,昨天他买来了木料和钢材。
B. 表结果不定式在下列结构中表示谓语动作的结果,不定式的位置一般在句子末尾。
(1)表示终结性的动词find, see, hear, learn, discover的不定式,常表示出乎意料的结果,并且,不定式前常有never, only等副词修饰。
如:I hurried to the railway station yesterday, (only) to find that the train had left. 昨天我急急忙忙赶到火车站时,发现火车已经开走了。
I went to the classroom, to discover it empty. 我走到教室,结果发现教室是空的。
(2)在“so + adj. / adv. + as + to do”中。
如:The scenery is so beautiful as to attract many people here every year. 景色非常美,每年都要吸引很多人来这里。