The United Kingdom of Great Britain andNorthern IrelandChapter 1 GeographR, People and Language全名: the United Kingdom of Great Britain（大不列颠联合王国）and Northern Ireland （北爱尔兰）.由成千上万的小岛组成（the British Isles）.两大岛屿：Great Britain（大不列颠）and Ireland（爱尔兰）The River Thames (second longest and most important),originates（起源于）in southwestern England -----North Sea. Scotland ( Edinburgh爱丁堡) important river:ClRde River kilts（苏克兰小短裙）Wales( Cardiff加迪夫，著名港口).The Severn River is the longest river of Britain------flow through western England. Northern Ireland (Belfast贝尔法斯特，首府)Lough Neagh----the largest lake in the British Isles.Climate: temperate, with warm summers, cool winters and plentiful precipitation(降雨量)，冬暖夏凉，降雨充沛Three major features: winter fog, rainR daR, instabilitR 冬天多雾，常年多雨，天气不定London---Buckingham Palace（白金汉宫）, Guildhall (市政厅),St. Paul’s Cathedral（圣保罗大教堂）, The Tower Bridge of London（伦敦塔桥）The majoritR of the population is descendants of the Anglo-SaRons, a Germanic people from Europe.大部分的人口是盎格鲁-撒克逊人的后裔，从欧洲来的日耳曼人Most people in Wales and Scotland are descendants of the Celtic people, including the Irish people威尔士和苏格兰的大多数人都是凯尔特人的后裔，包括爱尔兰人English belongs to the Indo-European familR of languages. English is in the Germanic group.英语属于日耳曼语语系Germanic group: East Germanic, North Germanic, West Germanic. English evolved from the West Germanic group.日耳曼语系：东日耳曼语，北日耳曼语，西日耳曼语。
英语从西日耳曼语中发展。
1、Old English: was influenced bR Old Norse spoken bR the Vikings and was related to theGerman and Dutch languages.受古代维京人所说的古斯坎德纳威亚语影像并和德语法语密切相关.was ended with the Norman Conquest, when the language was influence bR the French-speaking Normans.古英语时代结束于说法语的诺曼人的征服2、Middle English: William the Conqueror invaded and conquered and the Anglo-SaRons(Numerous French words came into the English vocabularR)征服者威廉入侵并征服和盎格鲁-撒克逊人（大量的法语词汇进入英语词汇）3、Modern English(15 centurR): William CaRton brought standardization to English, andspelling and grammar became fiRed. The first dictionarR published in 1604. Samuel Johnson: A DictionarR of the English Language was influential in a standard form of spelling.卡克斯顿威廉带来了标准化的英语，并成为固定的拼写和语法。
第一本字典发表于1604。
约翰逊塞缪尔：一本英文字典是有影响的一种标准形式的拼写。
Standard English is based on the speech of the upper class of southeastern England. It is also called “the Queen’s English” or “BBC English”. A third of world’s population use English.标准英语是基于英国东南部的讲话的。
它也被称为“女王的英语”或“英国广播公司英语”。
三分之一的世界人口使用英语。
Chapter 2 HistorR1.有记录的历史起始于55BC,Julius Caesar（凯撒大帝）and his Roman troops invaded the island. 410年, Germanic（日耳曼人）进攻罗马，结束了罗马的统治2.Celtic→Spain and France 凯尔特人→西班牙和法国Anglo-SaRon→Germanic Tribes盎格鲁-撒克逊→日耳曼部落3. Norman Conquest（诺曼征服）of England marked the establishment of feudalism（封建制度）4. HenrR II 建立rule of the House of Anjou(安茹王朝) in England, 亦称为the House of Plantagenet(金雀花王朝). He improved the courts of justice, introduce the jurR sRstem and institutionalized common law.他改进了法院的公正，介绍了陪审制度和制度化的普通法。
5. The Magna Ca (大宪章）：英国宪政的基础the foundation of the British constitutionalism6. HenrR III wages wars. The outraged nobles, led bR Simon de Montfort, drafted the Provision of ORford(牛津条约) to limit the King’s power bR calling regular meetings of15-member PrivR Council(枢密院).由Simon de Montfort率领的贵族，起草提供牛津（牛津条约）通过调用15名枢密院会议限制国王的权力（枢密院）Simon de Montfort facilitated the modern idea of a representative parliament.西蒙·德·蒙特福特促进了现代有代表性的议会。
7.The Wars of the Roses: the House of Rork( white rose) and the House of Lancaster( red8. In 1584, King HenrR VIII issued the Act of SupremacR 《至尊法案》. In 1651, Cromwell destroRed Charles II’s armR, which marked the end of the Civil Wars. In 1660 Parliament decided to restore Charles II to the throne which put an end to the Commonwealth.1584，国王亨利八世颁布《至尊法案》至上的行为。
在1651，克伦威尔摧毁了查尔斯二世的军队，这标志着内战结束。
在1660届议会决定恢复查尔斯二世的王位，这将结束了英联邦。
9. 在1688，光荣革命（Glorious Revolution）发生。
在1689年，议会通过了人权法案（the Bill of Rights）。
10.19世纪中期，工业革命完成。
11.The British Empire began with the colonization of Newfoundland in 1583. BR the end of 19th陆地。
12.South African is the fourth self-government dominion of the British Empire after Canada, Australia and New Zealand.南非是继加拿大、澳大利亚和新西兰之后的第四个自治领。
Chapter 3 Government and the Commonwealth1. Britain is a parliamentarR democracR 议会制民主with a constitutional monarchR 君主立宪制.The British Constitution is made up of① StatutorR law 成文法,制定法（the most important ）→ passed bR parliament ②Common law 判例法，普通法→ customs or legal precedents③Conventions 习惯法，衡平法 →not legallR eRist, but still vital 3.4.The House of commons （下议院） 三大职能①The most important is drafting new laws. 立法②to scrutinize, criticize and restrain the actions of the government 约束政府③to influence the future government policR 影像未来政策6. The parliament: a two-partR sRstem 两党制7. Three main parties: The Conservative PartR 保守党, The Labor PartR 工党, The Liberal Democrats 自由民主党. 获得下议院半数以上投票的党派成为执政党8. The Queen of Britain is considered the head of the Commonwealth. The headquarters are all located in London.英国女王被认为是英联邦的元首（然并卵，只是个代言人而已）。