形容词、副词的基本用法(一)形容词是表示事物特征和性质的词类,通常在句中作表语、宾语补足语、定语等。
1.形容词主要在下列动词后作宾语补足语:(1)表示感觉的动词,如:feel, find, see等。
►She felt the palm of his hand wet with sweat.她感觉他的手掌被汗水湿透了。
(2)表示致使的动词,如:get, have, leave, make, set, turn等。
►He got his shoes and socks wet.他把鞋袜都弄湿了。
2.形容词有时也可作状语表示伴随或结果,通常用来说明主语的情况,表示主语的状态、性质、特征等,并不表示动作的方式。
►They started the experiment, hopeful for success.他们开始作实验,相信一定会成功。
(二)副词表示动作、状态、特征等的性质(方式、程度、数量等),或指出动作和状态的发生或存在的状况,因此副词的语法意义是多样的,副词在句中主要作状语,也可作表语、定语、宾语补足语。
1.作状语是副词的主要句法功能,作状语时它修饰动词、形容词和其他副词。
►He looked tired, so deathly tired.他看起来累了,累得要死。
2.有些副词还可以作连词,作副词时常放在句末,有时也可位于句首或句中。
►He is old. He works hard, though.=Though he is old, he works hard.虽然他年事已高,但他工作还是很努力。
常见连接副词的用法:3.等。
►Fortunately, he was not drowned and was saved by the PLA.幸运的是,他没被淹死,被解放军救了。
形容词、副词表示倍数的句型1.A is (v.)+倍数+比较级+than+B2.A is (v.)+倍数+as+原级+as+B3.A is (v.)+倍数+the+名词(size, length, height 等)+of+B4.A is (v.)+倍数+that+of+B5.A is (v.)+倍数+as many/much+名词+as+B6.A is (v.)+倍数+what 引导的名词性从句►This building is two times higher than that one.=This building is three times as high as that one.=This building is three times the height of that one.这个建筑物是那个建筑物的3倍高。
►The output of this year is 3 times that of 2014.=The output of this year is 3 times what it was in 2014.今年的产量是2014年的三倍。
►After the new technique was introduced, the factory produced twice as many cars in 2018 as the year before.引进新技术后,这家工厂2018年生产的小汽车是去年的两倍。
►The production is now three times what it was ten years ago.现在的产量是十年前的三倍。
形容词、副词的比较等级(一)形容词、副词的原级比较1.“as+形容词/副词原级+as”与“not+as/so+形容词/副词原级+as”表示同级比较,即两个或两部分人或物在性质上或程度上相同/不同。
►Actually, Jack is as old as Jim. 事实上,杰克和吉姆(年龄)一样大。
►He doesn't run so/as fast as his younger brother. 他没有他弟弟跑得快。
2.当as...as 结构中有名词时,可用以下结构: ⎩⎪⎨⎪⎧as +形容词原级+a (n )+可数名词单数+as as +many +可数名词复数+as as +much +不可数名词+as►Today is as busy a day as yesterday. 今天跟昨天一样忙。
►Henry does not have so/as many books as I have. 亨利的书没有我的书多。
3.“as +形容词原级+as +具体数字”表示“高/深/多……达……”。
►The temperature here is as high as 39℃. 这里的气温高达39摄氏度。
(二)形容词、副词的比较级1.形容词和副词的比较级和最高级的构成规则 (1)规则变化成比较级和最高级。
这些双音节词是:common, handsome, quiet, wicked, pleasant, cruel, stupid, tired和以–ow,–er结尾的词。
(2)有些形容词没有程度可分或形容词本身就表示某种程度,因此没有比较级和最高级。
这类形容词有:right(正确的), wrong(错误的), excellent(优秀的), possible(可能的), empty(空的)等。
(2)不规则变化2.(1)比较级+than...“比……更”;less...than“不如……”。
►Seeking information on the Internet is more convenient than searching in a library.在网上搜寻信息要比在图书馆里方便。
(2)比较级的修饰语常见的有:rather, much, still, even, far, any (用于否定句或疑问句), a lot, a little, a great deal, by far, a bit等。
►—The film is, I have to say, not a bit interesting.—Why? It's far more interesting than the films I have ever seen.——我不得不说这部电影真的没意思。
——为什么?它比我看过的所有电影都有意思。
(3)the+比较级,the+比较级“越……,越……”。
►The earlier the treatment is given, the better the patient's chances.病人越早接受治疗,康复的可能性就越大。
(4)the+比较级+of (the)+名词/代词“(两者中)较……的”。
►Of the two cameras, I would prefer the smaller one, which is very easy for me to carry.这两个照相机,我喜欢较小的一个,它容易携带。
三、形容词、副词的最高级1.三者或三者以上的比较用最高级。
表示范围的标志词有in, of, among 等。
►Bob's parents wanted him to have the best possible education. 鲍勃的父母想让他接受最好的教育。
2.最高级的修饰语常见的有:序数词,by far, nearly, almost 等。
►This is by far the most inspiring movie that I have ever seen. 这是我曾看过的最鼓舞人心的电影了。
3.最高级含义的其他表达法。
(1)“否定词语+比较级”或“否定词语+such/so...as ”结构表示最高级含义。
►—Do you think that the Chinese National Games were a success? —Yes, absolutely! It couldn't be better. ——你认为这届中国全运会成功吗? ——是的,绝对成功!没有比它更好的了。
(2)比较级形式表示最高级含义。
比较级+than +⎩⎪⎨⎪⎧any other +可数名词单数 all (the ) other +可数名词复数 anything/anyone else►Julia is taller than any other girl in her class. =Julia is taller than all the other girls in her class. =Julia is the tallest girl in her class. 朱莉娅是她班上最高的女生。
4.the last 表示“最不可能的”“最不适合的”“最不希望的”等。
►The last thing they want is to work in the red areas where life is hard.他们最不乐意的是在生活艰难的红色区域里工作。
【知识积累】 形容词和副词的词性转换 1.常见的形容词后缀Ⅰ.单句语法填空1.It took her nearly all week to figure it out but once she did, she realized it couldn't be more obvious.解析句意:她花了差不多一个星期的时间去思考这件事,不过等她一想明白,她就发现这件事简直再明显不过了。
形容词比较级和否定词连用表示最高级含义,即这是最简单的。
2.The concept of “Customer First” should be firmly(firm)rooted in the mind of every shop–assistant.解析句意:“顾客至上”的理念应该被牢固地植根于每位店员的心里。
副词作状语修饰动词rooted。
3.He had driven no farther(far) than ten miles when his race car broke down and he was soon behind the other competitors.解析句意:他刚刚开了不超过十英里时,他的赛车就抛锚了,很快他就落后于其他竞争对手。
far表示“具体距离”时的比较级是farther。
4.Your plan, as well as his, sounds original. But the company, I think, won't approve either of them, for they are unrealistic(real).解析句意:你的计划以及他的计划听起来是那么有创意,但我认为公司哪个也不会批准,因为它们不现实。