一、现在完成时：表示过去已经发生或已经完成的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果。
即“过去的动作+ 现在的结果”，强调结果。
如：I have bought a new bike. (= I bought a new bike, and I have a new bike now.)我已经买了一辆新的自行车。
（强调我现在有了一辆新车。
）（一）构成形式：助动词have / has + 动词的过去分词肯定句：I have seen the film. 我已经看过这部电影。
否定句：I haven’t seen the film. 我没看过这部电影。
一般疑问句：Have you seen the film? 你看过这部电影了吗？回答：Yes, I have.是的，我看过了。
No, I haven’t.不，我没看过。
特殊疑问句：What have you done?你已经做了什么？（二）have/ has been to与have/ has gone tohave/ has been to + 某地，到过某地，说话时人已经回来了。
have /has gone to + 某地，说明去了某地，说话时人还没回来。
如：I have been to Beijing twice. 他去过北京两次。
---- Where is Jim? 吉姆在哪儿？--- He has gone to the library? 他去图书馆了。
（三）现在完成时常与下列表不明确的状语连用：1．already 和yetalready “已经”（多用于肯定陈述句），如：He has already gone home. 他已经回家了。
yet “已经; 还”（用于否定句或疑问句），如：Have you found him yet? 你已经找到他了吗？I haven’t finished my homework yet. 我还没完成作业。
※already 也可用于疑问句，表“出乎意料或惊奇”Have you finished your homework already? 难道你已经完成作业了？2．ever 和neverever “曾经”（多用于疑问句，问初次经历），如：I have ever been abroad. 我曾出过国。
nevernever“从未；从来不”（多用于否定陈述句），常回答ever的句型。
如：I have never seen him before.----Has he ever been abroad? 他曾出过国吗？----No, never. 不，从来不。
3．justjust “刚刚”（多用于肯定句，位于谓语动词之前），如：I have just tried to call you. 我刚刚打电话给你。
4．beforebefore “之前”（一般位于句末；常与never呼应），如：He says he has never seen such beautiful scenery before.他说他以前从来没看过这么美的风景。
（四）现在完成时中延续性的动作或状态和由for / since 引导的一段时间状语搭配使用：a)“for + 时间段”(长达…) 与“since + 时间点”（自从……以来），都表“一段时间”，常用How long 提问。
如: ----How long have you been like this?---I have been like this since last month./ for a month.---How long have you lived in Changle?----I have lived in Changle for ten years / since ten years ago.b) 如句中含有非延续性动词，则改为相应的延续性动词或状态。
如：I bought this TV three days ago.= I have had this TV for three days.His cat died yesterday.= His cat has been dead since yesterday.常见的非延续性动词转换成延续性动词如下：come—be here; go—be there; close—be closed; open—be open;buy—have; borrow —keep; leave—be away; begin—be on;finish—be over; die—be dead etc.二、构词法合成词：由两个或者更多独立的单词组合成一个单词。
如：motherland, basketball, filmmaker, birthday; hometown, greenhouse, etc.派生词：一词通过加前缀或后缀构成一个新词。
如：1）常见的前缀dis-; un-; im- 表示“不”，如：dislike（不喜欢）disappear（消失）disagree （不同意）disobey（不遵守）unhappy（不快乐）unfair（不公平）unlike（不像）unfriendly（不友好）impolite （不礼貌）impossible（不可能）re- 表示“重复”，如：retell（复述）review（复习）rewrite（重写）return（重返）super- 表示“超”，如：supermarket（超市）superman（超人）superstar（超级明星）mis- 表示“错误”，如：mistake（错误）misunderstand（误解）2) 常见的后缀：名词后缀：-er, -or; -ness; -tion; - ment 如：worker（工人）player（选手）teacher（教师）driver（司机）visitor （参观者）inventor（发明者）translator （翻译者）question（问题）invention （发明）education （教育）organization（组织）movement（运动）agreement（同意）development（发展）形容词后缀：-ful; -ous; -less - able; -y 如：useful （有用的）careful（认真的）helpful （有帮助的）successful（成功的）dangerous（危险的）famous （著名的）delicious （可口的）serious（严肃的）homeless （无家可归的）careless（粗心的）useless（无用的）changeable （易变的）countable（可数的）cloudy （多云的）windy （有风的）sleepy（困倦的）rainy（下雨的）三、直接引语和间接引语在引用别人原话时，被引用的部分称为直接引语；如：“What are you reading,Jane?” Maria asked.当用自己的话转述别人的话时，被转述部分称为间接引语。
如：Maria asked Jane what she was reading.直接引语和间接引语可互相转换，但要注意以下几个变化：直接引语变为间接引语时，引导词要根据句子类型的不同有所变化。
1）如果直接引语是陈述句，变成间接引语时，引导词用that或省略。
如：She said, “I’m very glad to have such a chance.”→She said (that) she was very glad to have such a chance.2）如果是一般疑问句时，则用whether或if。
如：Maria asked Jane, “Can they get good food and medicine?”→Maria asked Jane whether/ if they could get good food and medicine.3）如果是特殊疑问句时，则用相应的疑问词what, where, which, how等。
如：Maria asked Jane, “ What are you reading?”→Maria asked Jane what she was reading.4）如果是祈使句时，则多用动词ask, tell, order引导的不定式结构。
如：Mother said to me, “ Try again.”→Mother asked me to try again.“ Don’t be afraid”, Tom said to Dick.→Tom told Dick not to be afraid.语序的变化：若是从句，一律为陈述语序。
时态的变化。
1）主句为现在或将来时态时，间接引语的时态不变；如：He says, “I’m tired.”→He says he is tired.He will say, “ The boy was lazy.”→He will say the boy was lazy.2）主句为过去时态时，间接引语则一般都有改成相应的过去时态，但表示自然科学和真理之类的仍以现在时出现。
如：He said, “I’m sorry.”→He said he was sorry.The teacher told us, “The earth moves around the sun.”→The teacher told us the earth moves around the sun.人称的变化。
如：The teacher said, “John, you must bring your book to the class.”→The teacher told John that he must bring his book to the class.时间状语的变化。
如：now→then; today→that day; tonight→that night;this morning→that morning; ago→before; yesterday→the day before;last night→the night before; the day before yesterday→two days before;tomorrow→the next day; next week→the next week.地点状语的变化。
如：here→there指示代词的变化。
如：this→that; these →those动词的变化。
如：come →go; bring →take四、不定代词和不定副词：(一) 不定代词：指人：someone/ somebody anyone/ anybody no one/ nobody everyone/everybody指物：something anything nothing everything（二）不定副词指地点：somewhere anywhere nowhere everywhere（三）用法：1．some-复合代词/副词常用于肯定句；如：I saw someone in the room. 我看见房间里有人。