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大气热力学Atmospheric Thermodynamics
the total pressure exerted by the mixture of dry air and water vapor is (999.7 +6.014) hPa or 1006 hPa.
3.2 The Hydrostatic equation ( 静力方程)
hydrostatic balance(静力平衡)
geopotential height Z(位势高度)
geopotential thickness
3.2.2 Scale Height and the Hypsometric Equation (均质大气高度和测高方程)
• isothermal atmosphere
H is the scale height
观测表明,除了少数情况(如雷暴、龙 卷风等强对流天气)外,气块的铅直加速度 通常不超过0.001ms-2,比g约小一万倍,一般 可以忽略这个加速度,而近似认为气块在铅 直方向的受力处于平衡状态,称此时大气处 于静力平衡状态。
(3.17)
大气静力方程具有很高的精度(有强对流运动的 区域除外),在大气科学中得到广泛的应用
1 atmosphere (or 1 atm).
(3)在静力平衡情况下,任意高度z处的气压, 等于该高度单位位截面上所承受的铅直气柱的 重量,这就是气压的静力学意义。即
P z gdz
A、若海平面(z=0)处气压为p,则由上式 得到:
p0 0 gdz
B、任意单位截面上下界的气压差(p-p)等 于该气层的重量
e : the pressure of water vapor(水汽压)
四.State equation of wet air and virtual temperature
Tv
T (1
0.378
e) P
virtual temperature(虚温)
例题
where ρd is the density of the dry air (1.275 kg m−3 at 273 K), Rd the gas constant for 1 kg of dry air (287.0 J K−1 kg−1) and T is 273.2 K.
Character 3
Atmospheric Thermodynamics
大气热力学
§3.1 Gas Laws
一.State equation(状态方程)
• 1662年,爱尔兰人Robert Boyle的Boyle定律:VP-1 • 1787年,法国人A. Charles的Charles定律: VT • 同时代,Gay-Bussac定律: PT • 合并前三定律,可得联合气体定律:
物理意义:
反应了在静力平衡条件下, 气压与高度的分布关系,即气压 随高度的增高而降低,随高度的 降低而增大。
(1)dp与dz总是反号的,当dz>0时,dp<0,表 示气压随高度增加而减少;相反,当dz<0时, dp>0,表示气压随高度减小而增大。
(2)气压随高度升高而减小的快慢程度,主要 取决于ρ和g,若g视为常量,则主要取决于ρ: ρ大,p递减快;ρ小,递减慢。
(3.6)
P R* T RT
M
(3.2)
R*:universal gas constant(通用气体常数或 普适气体常数)
: density, unit: kg/m3
m: mass
R R* M
M: gram-molecular weight, unit: kg/mol
Gas constant
where ρv is the density of the water vapor (4.770 × 10.3 kg m −3 at 273 K), Rv the gas constant for 1 kg of water vapor (461.5 J K-1 kg-1), and T is 273.2 K.
PiVi PjVj const
Ti
Tj
P : pressure , unit:Pa V: volume T: temperature (K)
•Avogadro定律: 在温度气压相同时,同样数量
的气体分子占有相同的体积。即 Vn
PiVi const nR* m R*
Ti
M
PV nR T*
n : moleP RT(3.2)P RT
(3.3)
1/
specific volume(比容)
二.State equation of dry air
Pd d RdT
(3.9)
(3.10)
三.State equation of water vapor
Dalton’s11 law of partial pressures(道尔顿分压定律)
由此推导:
A、高空ρ<低空ρ,高空递减较低空慢些;
B、当p相同的情况下,暖区ρ<冷区ρ,暖区 p递 减较慢。
• If the mass of the Earth’s atmosphere were uniformly distributed over the globe, the pressure at sea level would be 1.013 × 105 Pa, or 1013.25 hPa, which is referred to as
3.2.3 Thickness and heights of constant pressure surfaces
• 气压总是随高度增加而减小
高度 海平 1.5 3.0 5.5 9 12 16 20.5 24 31 (km) 面 气压 1000 850 700 500 300 200 100 50 30 10 (hPa)
p1dp p2
p2
p1
z2 z1
gdz,
p2
p1
z2 gdz
z1
3.2.1 Geopotential (位势)
• The geopotential Φ at any point in the Earth’s atmosphere is defined as the work that must be done against the Earth’s gravitational field to raise a mass of 1 kg from sea level to that point.