英汉翻译教程张培基第一讲翻译原则简介一、教学目的:了解基本的翻译原则和翻译研究的问题二、教学过程:1.翻译的定义和内涵:(Definition and Connotation)Translation is an art/ science/craf2.中国几位翻译家的理论(influential translation principles)严复:信达雅-—- faithfulness/expressiveness/elegance。
The “three character guide" is regarded as a plumb—line of long standing to measure the professional level of translating.傅雷:神似--—spiritual conformity。
Emphasizing the reproduction of the spirit of the flavor of the original。
强调原作神韵再现。
钱钟书:化境--—sublimed adaptation. Focus on the translator’s smooth and idiomatic Chinese version for the sake of the Chinese reader.刘重德:信、达、切-——faithfulness/expressiveness/closeness.3.中国翻译史上的论争:鲁迅:宁信而不顺-—-rather to be faithful than smooth。
目的:引入英文句式的表达法梁实秋、赵景深:宁顺而不信--—rather to be smooth than faithful 目的:可读性强,便于交流.4.直译与意译:直译—--literal translation意译:free translation直译的例子:crocodile tears鳄鱼的眼泪; armed to the teeth武装到牙齿; chain reaction连锁反应;gentlemen's agreement君子协定; one country, two systems 一国两制;The three religions and the nine schools of thought 三教九流;paper tiger 纸老虎; Breath one’s last——-断气; go to one’s external rest——-安息; the long sleep——-长眠;see Marx 见马克思; Go west 上西天; go to heaven 上天堂; blow out the candles 吹灯拔蜡kick the bucket 蹬腿:直译不等于死译(dead translation):街道妇女应动员起来打扫卫生:Women in the street should be called on to do some cleaning.“In the street" should be replaced by “in the community”.她一大早起床,进城,见到了她的公爹:She got up early, went to the town and saw her public father。
Public father should be father in law.意译的例子:It rains cats and dogs / at sixes and sevens /Adam’s apple句子比较:Little fish does not eat big fish直译:小鱼不吃大鱼意译:胳膊拧不过大腿试译:天有不测风云,人有旦夕祸福:直译:Storms gather without warning in nature and bad luck befalls men overnight.意译:The weather and human life are both unpredictable有人说,翻译是带着镣铐跳舞(translation is like dancing in fetters);还有人说,翻译像女人,忠实的不漂亮,漂亮的不忠实。
实际上,忠实与通顺的关系是辩证关系。
5.归化与异化(domestication/adaptation or foreignization / alienation)归化的翻译在理论上是把语言看作交际工具;在实践上,强调通俗易懂,避免多义或歧义。
习惯认为,当原文与译文之间因文化差异而出现不能通达的情况时,“要用译语文化替代原语文化"即把在译语中找不到对等的外语词汇改头换面,或套用译语中与之相似的现成的表达法,把它们变成读者熟悉的译语文化形象.归化派代表人物尤金•奈达(Eugene A。
Nida):Functional Equivalence 功能对等What is functional equivalence?“The receptors of the translated text could respond to it with comprehension and appreciation in essentially the same manner and to the same degree as the original receptors of the message”;“Translation should arouse the same feeling in its receptors as the feeling of the readers of the original"---- NidaFor instance: as white as snow 通常译为白如雪 / 但没有见过雪的人可以将其翻译为“白如白鹭毛”,以达到功能对等的目的。
Spring up like mushrooms—-—雨后春笋Everybody’s business is nobody’s business. 三个和尚无水喝Among the blind the one —eyed man is king. 山中无老虎,猴子称霸王然而,翻译负有文化交流的使命,即尽可能把一个民族的语言和文化习惯介绍给另一个民族.鲁迅先生就特别强调译文要“保留原文的丰姿”。
在南京大学姜秋霞教授举办的一次翻译调查中,多数读者认为,读异国文学是为了欣赏异国作品特有的韵味和语言风格,他们在读译文之前就已经对不同文化的差异有了一定的心理准备,有些人读译文的目的之一是想了解外国人与中国人之间的异同究竟在什么地方。
因此,从促进世界文化交流这个角度上讲,我们在处理英译汉或汉译英时,都应着力于全面、完整地向译语读者介绍对方(己方)的全部意蕴,包括文化。
特别要强调的是,在汉译英中,我们尤其要树立这种文化意识,积极创造条件,弘扬中华文化,帮助英语读者扩大加深对中华文化的了解。
异化的翻译无疑在文化交流方面起了巨大的作用。
异化派代表人物韦努蒂(Lawrence Venuti ):All roads lead to Rome:条条大道通罗马不能译成:殊途同归To teach one’s grandmother to eat eggs:教老祖母吃鸡蛋不能译成:班门弄斧班门弄斧:show off one’s proficiency with the axe before Lu Ban, the master carpenter.Hence:Make hay while it is sunshine: 不能译成:趁热打铁If I slapped someone, He would see the way to Cracow:要是我给谁一巴掌,准会把他扇到克拉科去。
不能:一巴掌扇到西天去。
武松要吃酒,哪里听他人发说,一转身道:“放屁!放屁!”pass your wind/sheer nonsense6.段落翻译练习:沿着荷塘,是一条曲折的小煤屑路。
这是一条幽僻的路;白天也少人走,夜晚更加寂寞。
荷塘四面,长着许多树,蓊蓊郁郁的。
路的一旁,是些杨柳,和一些不知道名字的树。
没有月光的晚上,这路上阴森森的,有些怕人.今晚却很好,虽然月光也还是淡淡的。
Beside the lotus pond there is a small tortuous cinder path。
This is a secluded road even by day, more isolated still at night。
Around the pond, there are many trees rich in leaves, lush and green. There are some willows along the path, and some trees whose names I do not know。
When there is no moonlight the road and pond have a haunted disconcerting feel to them。
Tonight is not bad, even though the moon looks pale。
第二讲翻译的过程一、教学目的:怎样去理解和表达;学会表达的基本策略。
二、教学过程:1.理解与表达:He found them pushing needles, thread, pots, pans, ribbons, yarns, scissors and buttons to house wives.他发现他们在向家庭主妇推销针头线脑,锅碗瓢盆。
(国外没有瓢)改为:他发现他们在向家庭主妇推销针线,锅罐,绸带,剪刀和钮扣。
Do you see any green in my eye? 你以为我是好欺骗的吗?It is an order from President Bush/ I don't care if it is from bush, tree, or grass.这是布什总统的命令,管他什么布什,布头儿,布片儿,我才不在乎呢。
The old man's heart missed a beat when he saw the pearl.这位老人一看到这颗珍珠高兴得连心都跳不过来。
A good dancer never missed a beat.善于跳舞的人从不漏跳一拍(总能跟上节拍/总能采对步点)If we don’t hang together, they shall hang us separately。