1.航空公司面临的问题？如何解决？The technical innovations post the problem of financing the new capital investments which they made necessary.(1)the aircraft manufactures became increasingly involved with raising capital for their customers, either through the commercial banks in their own counting or through special export trade banks.(2)the emerged consortia of banks which purchased aircraft and then leased them to the airlines.2.航空运输业发展特征。
In the first place, the rate of growth of non-scheduled air transport was higher than that of scheduled. Secondly, the profitability of airlines during the last 30 years has been fairly marginal despite the rapid growth of demand for their services.3.航空运输发展阶段。
During 1960s: unit cost declined.1968-1975：airlines struggled for financial survival.1975-1978: the world’s airlines did very well.1979- 1983: airlines entered a period of deep crisis.The second half of the 1980s: dramatic turn- around in airline’s fortunes.过两三年中国航空业是好是坏：the industry’s indebtedness will worsen because the large number of aircraft orders.4.Non- economic regulations（Technical standard，Technical regulations）技术规章The objective is to keep high level of safety of airline operation, covering every aspect of airline activity. 目标作用(1)Regulation of the Aircraft Airworthiness.（Design standard，Production standard，Performance: engine）适航(2)Regulations covering the timing, nature and supervision of maintenance and over- haul work and the training and qualification of the engineers. 维修(3) Regulations governing the numbers and type of flight and cabin crew. (Duties, Training , Licensing, Workload, Schedules) 机组(4) Detailed regulations covering both the way in which aircraft are operated and the operation of theaircraft.(Licensed by the authority, Satisfy certain criteria, Comply with operating standards) (5) Regulations and recommended standards dealing with aviation infrastructure.(Airports, Meteorological services, En-route navigational facilities) 保障设施5.航空业发展原因：(1)the falling level of operating costs enabled airlines to offer tariffs that were lower tariffs in real terms.(2)per capita incomes(人均收入) in the developed countries of the world were increasing.(3)there wasa boom in world trade, which increased both business travel and demand for air freight facilities.6.技术规章的特点。
General and not specific to a particular aircraft type and promulgated(颁布) as regulations of the civil aviation directorates or the relevant ministries of each country.（Federal aviation regulations-USA, Air navigation order-UK, International standards and recommended practice）7.在技术规章，管理者如何经营？Although these various technical standards and safety procedures constrained airline managers and impose penalties on airline operations. Such external controls are inevitable if high safety standards are to be maintained, and significantly all airlines are equally affected by them. No major airline can enjoy a competitive advantage since there are no “flags of convenience” on air transport for airlines to circumvent safety or manning regulations.8.Economic regulations 经济规章(1) The exchange of air traffic rights, or freedom of the air. 航权The first and second traffic right——overflying rightThe third and fourth right——mutual exchange of the commercial traffic right-loading and unloading rightThe fifth and sixth right——the right granted by country A to an airline from country B to carry traffic between A and countries other than B.(2)The control of fares and freight tariffs. regulated by the international air transport association.(3)The control of frequencies and capacity. Inter-airline agreement and sometimes for bilateral state agreement.经济规章的作用: effectively determine the nature of any industry, for they regulate the entry of firms into each market(through traffic rights), the degree of pricing freedom and the nature of controls on production, if any.9.航权对航空公司的限制。
（经济规章对航空公司的限制）First, their markets are often restricted. Secondly, the level of output or product of each airline is not entirely at its own discretion. Lastly, airlines’ pricing freedom is also limited.10.直接运营成本、间接运营成本Direct operating costs should include all those costs which are associated with and dependent on the type of aircraft being operated and which would change if the aircraft type wan changed. Including all flyingespenses( such as flight crew salaries, fuel and oil), all maintenance and overhaul costs and all aircraft depreciation costs.Indirect operating costs are all those costs which will remain unaffected by a change of aircraft operations. Including areas of expenditure (passenger service costs, costs of ticketing and sales, and station and ground costs), general administrative costs.11.Direct Operating Costs1)Cost of flight operations(1) all costs associated with flight crews:direct salaries, stopover expenses, allowances, pensions, insurance and social welfares payment. (2) fuel and oil (3) airport and en route charges(4) insurance of the flight equipment (5) cost of flight training costs or of route development. if it is amortized over several years then they are group together with depreciation.2) Maintenance and overhaul costs: a whole series of separate costs, related to different aspects of maintenance and overhaul.3)Depreciation and amortizationannual depreciation=(price of aircraft-residual value)/depreciation periodHourly depreciation cost=annual depreciation cost/the block timeIndirect operation costs1.Station and ground expenses——providing an airline’ s services at an airport2. Cost of passenger passenger services——the pay, allowances and other expenses directly related to aircraft cabin staff and other passenger service personnel3. Ticketing, sales and promotion costs——all expenditure, pay, allowances, etc., related to staff engaged in ticketing, sales and promotion activities and so on4. General and administrative costs——Those costs which are truly general to the airline or which cannot readily be allocated to a particular activity12.市场营销步骤。