Rabbit IVF morula
mulberry
Mouse morulae
(二）胚胎技术中应用 1.胚胎分割(Embryo bisection) 2.胚胎冷冻(Cryopreservation) 3.胚胎移植 (Embryo transfer)
End
囊胚期（blastocyst)
Newly synthesized proteins during bovine oocyte maturation in vitro using image
snRNA snRNPs
The RNA abundance in bovine oocyte and early embryos
Application 1: Assessment of gamete fertility
Rat: 295 mOsm/kg,258 mOsm/kg. Na:190mM, 131 mM in the medium. Rabbit: excess of 8 mOsM. NaCl higher than the external environment by about 1020 mM.
Rabbit IVF blastocysts
Application3: Production of cloning animal
Cloning sheep, Dolly
Application4: Pursuing the mechanisms of mammalian gene programming.
End
卵裂期(cleavage)
A. One-cell with two pronuclei coated with zona pellucida.
Rabbit Zygote
Human Zygote
B. The nuclear DNA is duplicated before syngamy.
Triple immunofluorescence staining of mouse embryo for microtubules (green), actin (red) and DNA (blue). Scale bar represents 20 um.
（一）特点： 1. 胚胎细胞分化形成滋养层(trophoblast)和内细胞团 (inner cell mass, ICM)。 2. 胚胎基因组表达活性增强，发育速度加快，体 积增大(expand) 并逐渐从透明带中孵出(hatch)。 3. 胚胎游离在子宫中，发育所需营养物质主要来自子宫乳 (histotroph)，在孵化前后与子宫建立信号联系。
哺乳动物早期胚胎的发育
原核期zygote 卵裂期cleavage 桑椹胚期 morula 囊胚期blastocyst 孵化囊胚期 hatching or hatched blastocyst 原肠胚期 gastrulation of embryo
原核期(zygote)
（一）特点(Characteristics). （二）应用(Applications in Embryonic Engineering or basic research).
过氧化氢酶 snRNA snRNPs
牛卵母细胞和早期胚胎中几种RNA的相对丰度
Rabbit IVF expanded blastocyte
1.Na/K ATpase in blastocoel formation.
2. The water channel proteins (aquaporins) araquaporins mediate transtrophectodermal water movements during cavitation
C. The materials supporting embryo development are mainly derived from oocyte.
human egg with sperm
15-20µm
100-150µm
Diameter of oocyte: from 15-20µm to 100-150µm
（一）特点:
1. 细胞分裂步调基本一致，卵裂球间联系松散，卵裂球 具有发育全能性。
2. 需要营养物质大部分来自身，胚胎物质总量不断减 少， 核质比增加。
3. 胚胎基因组开始转录，对外界环境敏感。
Mouse 2-cell
棘皮动物
Sea urchin embryo
Mouse 4-cell
Mouse 8-cell
Sperm penetration assay, SPA Intracytoplasmic sperm injection,ICSI
Application 2: Production of transgenic animal
Micromanipulator system
Pig expressed GFP (Green Fluorescence Protein)
Human blastocysts cultured for 4 days from the pronuclear stage.
mouse blastocysts
Ovine IVF blastocysts bovine IVF blastocysts
（二）胚胎技术中应用
1.动物克隆与嵌合体生产（pቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱoduction of cloning and chimera).
2. 细胞全能性分子机理研究(Molecular mechanism of cell totipotency).
End
桑椹胚期(Morulae)
(一）特点
1. 卵裂球间出现连接结构，间距减小，胚胎逐渐致密化
(compacting)。
2. 胚胎细胞分内、外两层， 外层细胞间为紧密连接(tight
junction)，内层细胞间以及内层与外层间为缝隙连接
(gap
junction)，外层细胞结构极化(polarizing)，出现顶部和基底部。
3.胚胎生活在透明带中，发育所需的营养物质来源于卵子中贮
存、输卵管或子宫乳。