四川方言禁忌与民俗摘要:言语禁忌，是很有特色的语言风俗现象，它涉覆各个领域、各种社会团体的许多风俗习惯，是民俗文化的一部分。
文章立足四川方言，从破财、亵渎、凶祸三个方面论及四川方言中的言语禁思这种心意民俗形态。
关健词:言语絷忌;四川方言;破财;亵渎;凶祸;心意民俗禁忌在整个禁忌体系中是一种无行为表现的心意民俗形态，无论是远古时代由于神圣、不沽观念，或者图腾崇拜、灵物崇拜、鬼神崇拜而带来的恐惧，还是后世吉凶祸福观念带来的忧患，其反映在心理上都凝聚为一个忌字。
忌是心意上的、精神上的东西。
《说文解字》曰:“忌，憎恶也。
”既是心理上所憎恶的，便希望避开它们。
在禁忌系统中，忌，只是心理上的某种反映过程，某种因恐惧、忧患而希望回避的情绪和要求。
语言是人类交际思想、传递信息的重要交际工具，人们通常相信语言具有某种魔力，相信语言这种符号与它所代表的真实内容之间确实存在着某种完全同一的效应关系。
因此当某种事物需要避忌时。
也就包括了在语言上的不提及即“不说”。
当人们禁言时，可能会用手指、用目视，以摇头、摆手等无声的语言来表达自己的心意。
但是如果这样仍不能准确表明自己的情绪和要求时，就不得不用某种变通的说法来暗示自己需要表达的意思了，这就是另外一种语言禁忌形式——委婉语。
委婉语在任何一个民族的语言里都存在，它也是一种极富方言特色的语言风俗现象。
委婉禁忌语，几乎是无所不在，无时不有的。
本文试图从委婉语的言语禁忌这个角度谈谈委婉语在四川方言中的情况。
一、破财禁忌语四川方言中，人们往往禁忌破财词语在交际中的出现，即人们不能直接说出含有破财意思的词语，因为财运的好坏直接关系到人们生活的贫富乃至一生的命运，所以民间非常看重此事。
而且总要言为心声地用言语表达出来，不说破财不吉词语，而代之以其他吉词。
如四川方言中把猪、牛、狗等动物的舌称作“利子”而不叫“舌”。
因为在四川方言中“舌(she)”和“折(she)财”的“折”同音(人们不愿折财、忌说折财就把舌叫做“利子”;四川射洪一带把作为姓氏的“余(she)”and special tools for emergency response equipment and facilities. Emergency preparedness and response plan 1) emergency response (1) If a major accident occurs, the project should set up emergency response teams, chaired by the project manager, head of production and safety coordinators, professional foreman for the crew, primarily responsiblefor the orderly rescue when an emergency occurs or processing, outsourcing, team manager and support staff, assisting the DeputyProject Manager for related auxiliary work. (2) after the accident, the project manager is responsible for field commander, advance the establishment of emergency response team personnel, accountability, seriously injured officers sent out rescue, have procedures to deal with accidents, incidents, maximum reduction in casualties and property loss.(3) If an accident occurs, press Division in advance for emergency personnel cleared, concentrate manpower and material and financial resources to rescue the injured, decrease of the maximum loss. (4) after the accident processing work (5) identified the cause of the accidentand the person responsible. (6) the written report to the supervisor in writing, including the time and place of the accident, injury (death) person's name, sex, age, trades, injuries, injuries. (7) the development of effective preventive measures to prevent such accidents fromhappening again. (8) education of all personnel of the organization. (9) informed criticism of those responsible. (10) all personnel read out the results, and responsible disposal. (11) maintenance of emergency supplies, maintenance and testing ? strengthening the day-to-day management of the various fire fighting equipment fire-fighting equipment, authorities should be staffed, equipped with fire extinguishers. Fire hydrants identified person responsible for regularly inspecting, testing, at any time in good condition. ? Guard monthly check-fire extinguishers and fire-fighting equipment. ? once every quarter, inspections and tests of a fire hydrant in good condition. 2), plans to develop (1) casualties occurred in construction, such as accidents or accidents of the direct economic直接读做“梭(suo)”，就是为了避讳“折(余)财”;春节期间，各家各户都要祭财神，供奉财神，一些商贩走家串户卖财神画像，人们见之只能说“我请一张”“我买一张”或“我已有了”而不说“我不要”之类的言语;过年时餐桌上总少不了“鱼、生菜”之类的东西，以讨“年年有鱼(余)、岁岁生菜(财)”之类的口彩;商店酒楼开张、开业总是逢“六、八”而忌“四”，因为四川人认为“六六顺，八发财”而“四”即“死”。
总之，这一类有关财运衰败的言语禁忌很多，都是为了防避破财倒运的。
因为财运好坏直接关系到人们的切身利益，人们都很看重它。
因此人们在使用时不是停留在避开不吉词语说这一层面上，而是改凶为吉，力求通过语言上的变通、调整而祈愿人们在现实生活中得到一个最为吉祥的理想效果。
二、亵渎禁忌语民间大众的荣辱观促使一些带有亵渎意昧的词语成为禁忌。
人们通常认为涉及性行为和性器官的词语是一种亵渎语，因此在交际中都禁忌使用亵渎性词语。
在四川方言中至今如此，如人们在不得不说到性器官时，四川人往往会用“阴部”、“下身”、“那个东西”、“小弟弟”“雀雀儿”来代替，而不直接说出某种性器官。
谈及性行为，人们更是避讳直说，人们往往认为性行为是一种邪恶和羞耻，是一种只能在暗地里悄悄做的事，即便是很正常的两性关系，也要用“加班、房事、夫妻生活、幸福生活”等素雅的词语代替，如果是不正常的两性关系那就更是忌讳直说了，而说成“有外心、有二房、包二奶、采野花、有外遇、有第三者、傍大款、有小蜜、有二心、坏良心、有一腿、寻花问柳、偷鸡摸狗、伤风败俗、有暖昧关系”等。
甚至四川人还忌说“拉屎”“撒尿”之类的词，因为这两种行为容易引起生殖部位联想，于是改说成“解大手、解小手、解手等。
其实有关排泄的禁忌语古已有之，文言文称之为“出恭”、“净手”、“解手”等，关于四川现在普遍使用的“解手”一词，万建忠先生在其《图文中国民俗(禁忌》中说:“‘净手’‘ 解溲’成了大小便的委婉说法。
‘解溲’亦称‘解手’。
‘解手’是现代人用得较普遍的，其实早在宋元时代就有此说法，如《京本通俗小说(错斩崔宁》:‘余又了些温寒，魏生起身去解手。
’说明“解手”一词早在宋元时代就已有之，只是现在四川人对它有“解大手(大便)、解小手(小便)”之分罢了。
and special tools for emergency response equipment and facilities. Emergency preparedness and response plan 1) emergency response (1) If a major accident occurs, the project should set up emergency response teams, chaired by the project manager, head of production and safety coordinators, professional foreman for the crew, primarily responsible for the orderly rescue when an emergency occurs or processing,outsourcing, team manager and support staff, assisting the Deputy Project Manager for related auxiliary work. (2) after the accident, the project manager is responsible for field commander, advance the establishment of emergency response team personnel, accountability, seriously injured officers sent out rescue, have procedures to deal with accidents, incidents, maximum reduction in casualties and property loss.(3) If an accident occurs, press Division in advance for emergency personnel cleared, concentrate manpower and material and financial resources to rescue the injured, decrease of the maximum loss. (4) after the accident processing work (5) identified the cause of the accident and the person responsible. (6) the written report to the supervisor in writing, including the time and place of the accident, injury (death) person's name, sex, age, trades, injuries, injuries. (7) the development of effective preventive measures to prevent such accidents from happening again. (8) education of all personnel of the organization. (9) informed criticism of those responsible. (10) all personnel read out the results, and responsible disposal. (11) maintenance of emergency supplies, maintenance and testing ? strengthening the day-to-day management of the various fire fighting equipment fire-fighting equipment, authorities should be staffed, equipped with fire extinguishers. Fire hydrants identified person responsible for regularly inspecting, testing, at any time in good condition. ? Guard monthly check-fire extinguishers and fire-fighting equipment. ? once every quarter, inspections and tests of a fire hydrant in good condition. 2),plans to develop (1) casualties occurred in construction, such as accidents or accidents of the direct economic至于女性的生理现象——月经，由于自古以来大家都认为它不洁，又往往让人联想到生殖器，于是人们更是不喜欢直说，往往换成另外的说法，如:“办公、例假、好事情、那个、他大姨妈、特殊情况、霉事情、霉活路”等。