隐含波动率
19
Volatility Term Structure
• In addition to calculating a volatility smile, traders also calculate a volatility term structure • This shows the variation of implied volatility with the time to maturity of the option
28
29
30
1
Volatility Smiles
Chapter 18
2
未来波动率的预测
• 标的资产未来波动率的估计对于资产定 价和风险管理都至关重要,过去人们主 要从历史波动率来估计未来波动率,这 种用历史来推断未来的做法存在很大的 缺陷。而期权价格中则包含着市场对未 来波动率的估计,因此我们就可以通过 期权价格来提取未来波动率的信息。
• Put-call parity p +S0e-qT = c +X e–r T holds regardless of the assumptions made about the stock price distribution • It follows that pmkt-pbs=cmkt-cbs
7
The Volatility Smile for Foreign Currency Options
(Figure 16.1)
Implied Volatility
8
Strike Price
9
Implied Distribution for Foreign Currency Options
• The implied distribution is as shown in Figure 18.2. • Both tails are heavier than the lognormal distribution • It is also “more peaked than the lognormal distribution
25
无模型(Model-Free)隐含波动率
• 但无论波动率微笑还是波动率期限结构 ,它们的计算都是直接利用BS期权定价 公式将期权价格翻译成市场预期的波动 率,由于BS公式很多假定与现实不符, 这种翻译的准确度就令人怀疑,因而我 们可以用无模型隐含波动率模型将期权 价格准确翻译成波动率曲面。
26
17
Other Volatility Smiles?
What is the volatility smile if • True distribution has a less heavy left tail and heavier right tail • True distribution has both a less heavy left tail and a less heavy right tail
隐含波动率
看涨期权隐含波动率 看跌期权隐含波动率
协议价格
13
Implied Distribution for Equity Options
The implied distribution is as shown in Figure 18.4. The right tail is less heavy and the left tail is heavier than the lognormal distribution
10
11
The Volatility Smile for Equity Options (Figure 16.3)
由于股票收益率存在明显的负偏斜,因此, 股票的波动率微笑的斜率一般都为负。
Implied Volatility
Strike Price
12
Yahoo股票期权 隐含波动率微笑
隐含波动率
隐含波动率与未来的波动率
27
风险溢酬与预期
• 如果假定波动率风险溢酬是常数,或者能够从 其它途径获取波动率的风险溢酬,我们就可以 得到现实世界中市场对未来波动率的预期。通 过波动率预期与过去波动率对比的时间序列数 据,我们可以研究波动率预期的形成机制和特 点;通过波动率预期与未来已实现波动率对比 的时间序列数据,我们可以研究波动率预期的 准确性。而如果能够从其它途径(如调研等) 获得现实世界中市场对未来波动率的预期,我 们就可以得到波动率风险溢酬,并研究其时间 序列特征,特别是在金融危机情形下的特征。
14
15
花期银行股票的波动率微笑
16
花期银行股票的波动率微笑
• 该股票波动率微笑却呈现两头翘起的典 型“微笑”形状,这说明在金融危机最 严重之时,市场预测花旗银行未来大涨 和大跌的概率都较大,说明市场对花旗 银行的未来命运存在较大分歧;此外, 看跌期权价格的隐含波动率大于看涨期 权的隐含波动率,这说明市场较为悲观 。
20
Volatility Term Structure
The volatility term structure tends to be downward sloping when volatility is high and upward sloping when it is low
21
花期银行股票的波动率期限结构
Volatility Smile
• 由于Black-Scholes期权定价公式是建立在 标的资产服从对数正态分布的假定基础上, 而这种假定与现实明显不同。于是人们就利 用同一期限不同协议价格的期权价格求出对 应的隐含波动率,并把它们绘制成曲线,这 就是波动率微笑。 • A volatility smile shows the variation of the implied volatility with the strike price • The volatility smile should be the same whether calculated from call options or put options
24
Example of a Volatility Surface
(Table 18.2)
Strike Price 0.90 1 mnth 3 mnth 6 mnth 1 year 2 year 5 year 14.2 14.0 14.1 14.7 15.0 14.8 0.95 13.0 13.0 13.3 14.0 14.4 14.6 1.00 12.0 12.0 12.5 13.5 14.0 14.4 1.05 13.1 13.1 13.4 14.0 14.5 14.7 1.10 14.5 14.2 14.3 14.8 15.1 15.0
22
花期银行股票的波动率期限结构
• 从图上可以看出,期限越长,隐含波动 率越低,这说明市场普遍预期,随着时 间推移花旗银行股票的波动率会逐渐变 小。另外,看跌期权的隐含波动率始终 大于看涨期权的隐含波动率,再一次说 明此时市场比较悲观。
23
波动率曲面
• 把波动率微笑与波动率期限结构结合起 来,我们就可以得到波动率曲面( Surface),从而考察市场对资产未来分 布的预期。
6
Implied Volatilities
• When pbs=pmkt, it must be true that cbs=cmkt • The implied volatility calculated from a European call option should be the same as that calculated from a European put option when both have the same strike price and maturity • The same is approximately true of American options
18
Possible Causes of பைடு நூலகம்olatility Smile
• Asset price exhibiting jumps rather than continuous change • Volatility for asset price being stochastic (One reason for a stochastic volatility in the case of equities is the relationship between volatility and leverage)
3
隐含波动率
• 由于其他变量的值在市场上都观察得到 ,因此实务界就将期权价格代入BlackScholes期权定价公式(Black and Scholes, 1973),反求出波动率。这样 求出来的波动率被称为隐含波动率。
VIX指数(2003年起改为无模 型隐含波动率)
4
5
Put-Call Parity Arguments