第1章导言1.1复习笔记本章要点：1.The definition and main branches of linguistics study语言学的定义和研究的范围2.The definition and the origins of language语言的定义与起源3.The design feature and the function of language语言的特征和功能4.Some major concepts in linguistics语言学中重要的概念本章考点：1.有关语言学的常考考点(1)语言学的定义，现代语言学与传统语法学研究的区别。
(2)语言学中几组重要概念，每组两个概念的含义、区分及其意义。
(3)普通语言学的主要分支学科及各自的研究范畴。
(4)宏观语言学及应用语言学的主要分支及各自的研究范畴。
2.有关语言的常考考点(1)语言的定义；语言的基本特征(任意性、二重性、多产性、移位性、互换性、专门性和文化传递性)；(2)语言的功能(寒暄、指示、信息、疑问、表达、劝说和施为)；(3)语言的起源(叮咚说、唱歌说、哒哒说、汪汪、噗噗、哟嘿吼理论等。
)本章内容索引：I.Definition of linguisticsII.Linguistics vs.traditional grammarIII.Scope of linguistics1.Microlinguistics2.MacrolinguisticsIV.Definition of languageV.Origins of language1.Ding-Dong Theory2.Sing-Song Theory3.Pooh-Pooh Theory4.Yo-He-Ho Theory5.Ta-Ta Theory6.Bow-Wow TheoryVI.Design features of language1.Arbitrariness2.Duality3.Productivity4.Interchangeability5.Displacement6.Specialization7.Cultural transmissionVII.Functions of language1.Phatic function/communion2.Directive functionrmative function4.Interrogative function5.Expressive function6.Evocative function7.Performative functionVIII.Some major concepts in linguistics1.Descriptive and prescriptive grammar2.Synchronic and diachronic linguisticsngue and parolepetence and performance5.Syntagmatic and paradigmatic relations6.Functionalism and formalismI.Definition of linguistics(语言学的定义)【考点：名词解释】The scientific or systemic study of language,which is always guided by the-three canons ofscience:exhaustiveness,consistency and economy.语言学是对语言的科学或系统的研究。
语言学研究的科学性可以归纳为：穷尽性、一致性以及简洁性。
II.Linguistics vs.traditional grammar(语言学与传统语法)Linguistics differs from traditional grammar at least in three basic ways.1.Linguistics describes languages and does not lay down rules of correctness.2.Linguists regard the spoken language as primary,not the written.3.Linguistics describes each language on its own merits.语言学在以下三方面不同于传统语法。
1.语言学描述语言而非设定规则。
2.语言学认为口语是基础而非文字。
3.语言学描述不同的语言，而非一概而论。
III.Scope of linguistics(语言学的研究范畴)1.Microlinguistics(微观语言学)Phonetics语音学Phonology音系学Morphology形态学Syntax句法学Semantics语义学Pragmatics语用学2.Macrolinguistics(宏观语言学)Sociolinguistics社会语言学Psycholinguistics心理语言学Neurolinguistics神经语言学Stylistics文体学Discourse analysis语篇分析Computational linguistics计算语言学Cognitive linguistics认知语言学Applied linguistics应用语言学IV.Definition of language(语言的定义)【考点：名词解释】nguage is a system—elements in it are not arranged and combined randomly,but according to some rules and principles.nguage is arbitrary—there is no intrinsic connection between the word(e.g.pen)and the thing(e.g.what we write with).nguage is vocal—the primary medium for all languages is sound.nguage is used for human communication—it is human-specific,very different from systems of animal communication.1.语言是一个系统——其元素非任意排列，而是根据一定规则组合的。
2.语言是任意的——词与其所指物之间没有内在的联系。
3.语言是口头的——是所有语言的基本交流形式。
4.语言是人类用来交流的工具——不同于动物的交流系统。
V.Origins of language(语言的起源)1.Ding-Dong Theory(叮咚理论)Human speech developed from primitive man giving vocal expression to the objects he encountered.语言起源于原始人对物体的口头表达。
2.Sing-Song Theory(唱歌说)Language developed from primitive ritual songs of praise.语言起源于原始仪式赞美的歌声。
3.Pooh-Pooh Theory(噗噗理论)Language came from interjections,which express the speaker’s emotions.语言来源于人本能表达情感的声音。
4.Yo-He-Ho Theory(呦嘿吼理论)Language came from the cries uttered,during strain of work.语言来源于共同劳动时发出的呦嘿声。
5.Ta-Ta Theory(哒哒说)Language came from the combination of certain gestures and tongue movements.语言来源于移动舌头发出的声音与某个手势的结合。
6.Bow-Wow Theory(汪汪理论)Language came from imitation of animal cries and other sounds heard in nature.语言起源于人们模仿动物的叫声和其他自然界中的声音。
VI.Design features of language(语言的定义特征)【重点、考点：论述语言的识别特征】1.Arbitrariness(任意性)This refers to the fact that there is no logical or intrinsic connection between a particular sound and the meaning it is associated with.There is no reason,for example,why English should use the sounds/dɔg/to refer to the animal dog,or why Chinese should use“gou”to refer to the same animal.The relationship between the sounds and their meaning is quite accidental.任意性是指某个符号的声音与意义之间没有逻辑或内在联系。
例如，英文中用/dɔg/来指动物狗，而中文却用“gou”。
单词的声音与其意义之间的关系是任意的。
2.Duality(二重性)Language operates on two levels of structure.At one level are elements which have no meaning in themselves but which combine to form units at another level which do have meaning. For instance,human language has a number of sound units,or phonemes,but each phoneme is normally meaningless in isolation.It becomes meaningful only when it is combined with other phonemes.语言结构具有二重性。