第10章认知语言学10.1 复习笔记本章要点:1. Cognitive linguistics认知语言学2. Categorization and categories范畴化与范畴3. Conceptual metaphor and metonymy概念隐喻与转喻4. Iconicity and grammaticalization象似性与语法化常考考点：认知语言学定义；范畴化与范畴定义分类等；概念隐喻与转喻的定义，层次分类；象似性的分类以及语法化等。
本章内容索引：I. Definition of cognitive linguisticsII. Categorization and categories1. Definition of categorization2. The classical theory3. The prototype theory4. Levels of categorizationIII. Conceptual metaphor and metonymy1. Conceptual metaphor2. Conceptual metonymyIV. Iconicity1. Iconicity of order2. Iconicity of distance3. Iconicity of complexityV. GrammaticalizationI. Definition of cognitive linguistics (认知语言学定义)【考点：名词解释】Cognitive linguistics is an approach to the analysis of natural language that focuses on language as an instrument for organizing, processing, and conveying information.认知语言学是一种研究自然语言的方法，集中研究语言组织，处理与传达信息的作用。
II. Categorization and categories (范畴化与范畴)1. Definition of categorization and categories (定义)Categorization is the mental process of classification.Category is the products of categorization.范畴化是人类对经验进行分类的过程。
范畴是范畴化的产物。
2. The classical theory (经典理论)(1) Four assumptions (四个假设)①The first assumption: categories are defined by a limited set of necessary and sufficient conditions.②The second assumption: features are binary.③The third assumption: categories have clear boundaries.④The fourth assumption: all members of a category have equal status.①假设1：范畴由一套特定的且充分的条件而定义的。
②假设2：特征是二元的。
③假设3：范畴之间有清晰明确的界限。
④假设4：范畴下的所有元素地位相同。
(2) Disadvantages (缺陷)Certain things do not fall into clear-cut categories. For instance, do ostriches and penguins belong to the BIRD category?有些事物并不属于界定明确的范畴中，比如鸵鸟或企鹅是否属于鸟类这个范畴.3. The prototype theory (典型理论)(1) Definition of prototype (定义)Prototype: what members of a particular community think of as the bestexample of a lexical category, e.g. for some English speakers "cabbage" (rather than, say, "carrot") might be the prototypical vegetable.典型：在词汇范畴中，最典型的元素且是最容易想到的例子。
例如英语中，“卷心菜”(而不是“胡萝卜”)是最典型的一种蔬菜。
(2) Advantages (优势)①It can explain how people deal with atypical examples of a category.②It can explain how people deal with damaged examples.③It can work for actions as well as objects.①解释了人们是怎样应对非典型例子的。
②揭示了人们怎样处理有损的例子。
③此理论同样适用于动词。
4. Levels of categorization (范畴化的层次)(1) Three levels of categorization (范畴化的三个层次)①Superordinate levels mean higher levels or more general levels. Furniture and animal are examples of superordinate category levels.②Basic-level categories are more specific, but not too specific. Chair is an example of basic-level categories.③Subordinate levels mean lower levels or more specific categories. Desk chair is an example of subordinate categories.①上位范畴是最高层次且最具概括性的范畴，家具与动物都是上位范畴的例子。
②基本层次范畴是比较具体的但又不是最具体的。
比如椅子是基本层次范畴的例子。
③下属层次范畴处在最底层是更加具体的范畴。
写字椅是下属层次范畴的例子。
(2) Three aspects in basic-level categories (基本层次范畴的三方面)①Perception②Communication③Knowledge organization①感知②交流③知识系统III. Conceptual metaphor and metonymy (概念隐喻与转喻)1. Conceptual metaphor (概念隐喻)【考点：名词解释】It is a property of concepts, and it is a powerful cognitive tool for our conceptualization of abstract categories. It is pervasive in our language. According to cognitive linguistics, metaphor is defined as understanding one conceptual domain or cognitive domain in terms of another conceptual domain.隐喻是概念化抽象范畴的有力的认知方法。
在我们的语言中很有说服力。
根据认知语言学家，隐喻是涉及两个概念的对比，一个概念识解另一概念。
2. Conceptual metonymy (概念转喻)【考点：名词解释】(1) Definition of conceptual metonymy (定义)Metonymy is a cognitive process in which one cognitive category, the source,provides mental access to another cognitive category, the target, within the same cognitive domain, or idealized cognitive model (ICM).转喻是一个认知过程，源域给了解另一个认知范畴提供了可能性，也就是在同一认知范畴内的目的域，或理想的认知模型。
(2) Types of conceptual metonymies (类型)①The producer for the product (the author for the work)I’m reading Mark Twain.②The place for the eventWatergate changed American politics.③The place for the institutionWall Street is in a panic.④The controller for the controlledNixon bombed Hanoi.⑤An object used for the userThe sax has the flu today.①生产者代替产品(作者代替作品)②地名代替事件③地名代替组织机构④掌控者代替事件⑤物体代替使用者IV. Iconicity (象似性)。