时态和语态一、一般现在时（The Simple Present Tense）1、结构1）(Active) do; does2）(Passive) is (am, are) done2、主要用法①表示经常发生的动作和存在的状态。
e.g. I often come to school early.②表示主语的特征，性格和能力。
e.g. He is an engineer. He looks young.③表示客观事实，或普遍真理。
e.g. The teacher told us that light travels faster than sound.Practice makes perfect. 熟能生巧。
④表示按时刻表计划或安排好的动作。
（只限于表示起始或移动意义的动词，begin, come, leave, start, arrive, go, etc.）e.g. I will find out when the train leaves.The plane for San Francisco takes off at three p.m..3、与一般现在时连用的时间状语：every day, once a week, twice a week, always, usually, often, sometimes, seldom, never etc. e.g. I go to the cinema once a week.e.g. Sometimes we work until twelve o’clock.4、主动变被动1）Do you often clean your room?Is your room often cleaned?2）People speak English in many countries.English is spoken in many countries.二、一般过去时（The Simple Past Tense）1、结构1）(Active) did2）(Passive) was/were done2、主要用法①表示过去的动作或状态。
He lived in Beijing when he was young.②表示过去一段时间内经常或反复发生的动作。
.e.g. When he was free, he would go and help others.3、一般过去时常与这些时间状语连用：yesterday, before liberation, in 1960, two years ago, last month, in the past, the other day, etc.e.g. I happened to meet him in the street the other day.4、主动变被动1）The tiger in the zoo frightened the little girl.The little girl was frightened by the tiger in the zoo.2）They gave him a medal for his wonderful work.He was given a medal for his wonderful work.三、一般将来时（The Simple Future Tense）1、结构1）(Active) will/shall do2）(Passive) will/shall be done2、主要用法：表示将来的动作和状态。
e.g. The farmers will begin to pick apples next Monday.e.g. He will come to see us tomorrow.3、表示将来的其他用法：1）be going to + v. 表示打算、准备做的事，或根据迹象表明即将发生或肯定要发生的事。
e.g. How are you going to spend your holidays?It’s going to snow.There’s going to be a lot of trouble about this.2）be about to + v.表示即刻要发生的动作。
e.g. I was about to go swimming when luckily our guide saw me and shouted at me “stop!”3）be to + v. 表示安排或计划好的动作。
e.g. A new hospital is to be built in our district.We are to meet at the school gate at five o’clock this afternoon.4）现在进行时表示按计划安排要发生的事。
限于某些瞬时动词，如：leave, go, come, arrive, start, etc.e.g. My uncle is arriving at 3:30p.m. tomorrow.4、一般将来时常与这些时间状语连用：tomorrow, next week, in a moment, in the future, etc.e.g. ---How soon will he be back?---He will be back in two weeks.5、主动变被动1）People will laugh at you if you wear that dress.You will be laughed at if you wear that dress.2）They won't hold the meeting until next Friday.The meeting won’t be held until next Friday.3）The doctor will ask the patient some questions before he gives her medicine.The patient will be asked some questions before she is given the medicine.四、过去将来时（The Past Future Tense）1、结构1）(Active) would/should do2）(Passive) would/should be done2、用法说明不能独立使用，通常用在宾语从句中，表示从过去某一点看，在将来发生的动作或存在的状态。
e.g. He told me that he would go to Beijing the next month.At that time I did not know if he would be able to finish the work on time.五、现在进行时（The Present Continuous Tense）1、结构1）(Active) is/am/are doing2）(Passive) is/am/are being done①表示说话的时刻正在进行的动作。
e.g. ---What are they doing?---They are playing in the garden.②表示现阶段正在进行的动作,尽管此刻这个动作可能并不在进行。
e.g. The manager is typing his letters these days.He is a teacher of physics, but he is now teaching math.She is working in a bookshop.③现在进行时用来表示将来(Future use)，即表示按计划或安排在最近将要进行的动作。
这种用法仅限于少数表示动作的动词，如arrive, come, go, have, leave, start, stay等。
e.g. How long are you staying in Xi'an?We're having a holiday next Monday.④现在进行时态如果同副词always, constantly, continually 等连用，常带有或褒或贬的语气。
e.g. He is always helping me with my English.（称赞）She is constantly coming late. （不满）3、注意*下列动词不能用进行时态：感官类：see, hear, smell, taste, feel, notice, look, seem, appear等感觉类：hate, love, fear, like, want, wish, prefer, refuse, forgive等存在类：be, exist, remain, stay, obtain占有从属类：have, possess, own, contain, belong, consist of等认知类：understand, know, believe, think, doubt, forget, remember等e.g. I understand what you mean.I love our great motherland.I (can) smell something burning.The flower smells sweet.六、过去进行时（The Past Continuous Tense）1、结构1）(Active) was/were doing2）(Passive) was/were being done2、主要用法①表示过去某一时刻正在进行的动作。
e.g. What were you doing this time yesterday?I was writing a letter when she came in.②表示过去某阶段在进行的暂时性习惯动作。
e.g. He is a doctor, but at that time he was working in a laboratory.③表示刚才的情况。
e.g. I was asking what you thought of it.e.g. --Can you give me the right answer?--Sorry, I wasn’t listening. Would you please repeat that question?七、现在完成时（The Present Perfect Tense）1、结构1）(Active) have/has done2）(Passive) have/has been done①表示发生在过去的动作到现在为止已经完成，或刚刚完成。