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有机化学 第四章 环烷烃讲解
4-methylspiro[2.4]heptane 4-甲基[2.4]庚烷
2, Bridged-ring alkane and fused-ring alkane 桥环烃和稠环烃
1)选母体:根据成环的总碳原子数及环数,称为“n环某烷”。
2)编号:从桥头碳开始;从最长桥开始。
3)书写:先写环数
方括号内沿着编号方向写出每个环中除桥头碳原子
H
4
H
H
H3 2H
H
1H
H
H H
H H
H
H H
H
蝴蝶状
蝴蝶式
部分交叉式 扭转张力较小
4
H2C
H2C 3
H H
1
2H H
6.3kJ/mol higher
全重叠式
2.5kJ/mol
envelop structure
信封式
half-chair structure
半椅式
如果:
具有多组全重叠式
Large ring 多于13个碳原子的环体系中,分子链一般呈皱折形
Cycloalkanes 第四章 环烷烃
Organic Chemistry A (1) By Prof. Li Yan-Mei Tsinghua University
Content
4.1 Classification, Isomerization and nomenclature 4.2 Structure of cycloalkanes 4.3 Physical properties & spectrum data 4.4 Chemical properties 4.5 Preparation (learn on your own)
1)选母体:根据成环的总碳原子数,称为“螺某烷”。
2)编号:从小环开始;从第一个非螺原子开始。
3)书写:先写词头“螺”
方括号内沿着编号方向写出每个环中除螺原子
16 7
1
2
5
外的每个环的碳原子数 数字之间用圆点隔开
8
最后写出包括螺原子在内碳原子数的烷烃名称
3
4 10
9
螺[4.5]癸烷
“小原则”:在不违背螺环烃命名的“大”原则基础上,在编号 时应尽可能令取代基的位号最小。
methylcyclopentane 甲基环戊烷
1-e thy l- 3- me thy lc yc lop ent ane
1-甲基-3-乙基环戊烷
2-ethyl-4-methyl-1propy lc yc loh ept ane
4-甲基-3-乙基-1-丙基环己烷
2, When the side chain is complicate or difficult to name: 当支链较复杂或不易命名时,以环烷基为取代基
Small rings
C3~C4
Medium rings C8~C12
Common rings C5~C7
Large rings
C13~
By the saturation 按不饱和度
CnH2n CnH2n-2 CnH2n-4
Cycloalkanes 环烷 Cyclo olefines 环烯 Cyclo alkynes 环炔
W.H.Perkin synthesized C3, C4, and identified the relative reactivity: double bond > C3 > C4 ,while C5 and C6 rings are relatively more stable.
A.von.Baeyer put forward the strain theory
Assumes that six carbon atoms are on the same plane Two conformations may exist
Chair model and boat model
Cyclohexane was proved to be nonplanar experimentally Chair model is most stable (electron diffraction method) Conformation analysis of cyclohexane
Great No
4.2.4 Conformations of cyclohexane
A history
Year 1883
Name of scientist Baeyer
1890 H.Sachse 1915-1918 W.M.Mohr
1920
1943 O.Hassel
1950 D.Barton
Point of view
bicyclo[1.1.0]butane
二环[1.2.0]丁烷
For polycyclic compound as following 多元环
Deciding the main ring 选“主环”:最大的环
Choosing the main bridged carbon 选“主桥头碳”:主环与非主环的最长桥共用的桥头碳
4.2.1 Baeyer’s strain theory Bayer’s张力学说
Assumption: 1, carbon atoms in the ring are on the same plane;
成环的碳原子均在同一同面上,且呈正多边形 2, carbon atoms are sp3 carbon atoms;
n
Heat of
combustion 697 686 664
659
662
658
per CH2
kJ/mol
Do not fit the strain theory!
影响环体系稳定性的主要因素:
角张力(Baeyer 张力) 扭转张力 范氏力
4.2.3 Current opinions
2 3
8 7 12 3
外的每个环的碳原子数 数字之间用圆点隔开 最后写出包括桥头碳原子在内碳原子数的烷烃名称
65 4
bicyclo[3.2.1]octane
二环[3.2.1]辛烷
注意:有两个桥头碳可 供选择
2,7,7-trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]heptane
2,7,7-三甲基二环[2.2.1]庚烷
碳原子采取sp3杂化形式,正常键角应为约109.5度 3, to meet some special angles in the ring, the bonds have
to be bending; 为了满足平面正多边形的内角要求,成环的键必须向内或向 外“屈挠”, “屈挠”的程度越大,体系越不稳定。
环的大小及侧链长短与位置变化
4.1.3 Nomenclature 命名
4.1.3.1 Monocyclic alkane 单环烷烃
1, When the side chain is not very complicate: 当支链不复杂时,以环烷烃为母体
1,2 -dimethy lcyc lo pent ane 1,2-二甲基环戊烷
Before 1880 1883 1885
Only penta rings and hexa rings were found. It was regarded that rings smaller than penta rings and bigger than hexa rings do not exist, or are not stable.
价键(共用两个直接 不直接相连的碳原
相连的碳原子)
子
几环?
To define the number of the rings: The number of cutting you need to get a chain molecule out of a poly ring compound
将桥(稠)环烃变为链状化合物时需要断裂的碳链 数。如需断裂两次,则为二环化合物,断裂三次则 为三环化合物。
More bending
More angle strain
Higher energy
Less stability
60o
90o
108o
120o
129o
Most stable?
可解释一些体系的稳定性特点,但还有一些体系无法解释。
4.2.2 Heat of combustion for cycloalkane
3-cyclohexylhexane 3-环己基己烷
3, When two rings are connected 两环相连时
Cyclopropylcyclohexane Cyclopropylcyclopropane
环丙基环己烷
环丙基环丙烷
4, Cis and trans isomerism:
CH3
1
3
CH2
H
H
12
扭转张力: 三组H-C-C 均处于全重叠式
HH
C
C
C
105.5o
C
C
C
角张力: 109.50-105.50=40
Bent Bond (弯曲键、香蕉键)
A nonplanar conformation 非平面构象
也存在弯曲键 111.50
角张力:111.50-109.50 = 20
By the number of the rings 按环的数目
Monocyclic compounds 单环
Polyring compounds 多环
桥头碳
ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
螺原子
Spiro rings 螺环
两环之间共用一个 碳原子