Chapter 9 Psycholinguistics心理语言学一、本章纲要二、本章重点(2005，单选；2007，名词解释) Psycholinguistics is the study of language in relation to the mind. As the term suggests, it is viewed as the intersection of psychology and linguistics, drawing equally upon the language we acquire, produce and comprehend, and the mind or brain in which our linguistic and cognitive faculties are localized and organized, and interact with each other in particular ways. Our linguistic capability depends largely on the structure and dynamics of the human brain. 心理语言学主要从心理的角度对语言进行研究，目的在于揭示人类是如何掌握语言，说出语言和理解语的，语言与思维的关系等一系列问题。
1.The biological foundations of language语言的生理基础（2005，判断）Our linguistic ability is a biological gift of the species’ gene program. 人类不需要课堂教学就可以自然习得自己的母语。
人类有语言能力的主要原因不可能是人有声带，因为其它动物也有声带。
人类的语言能力主要依赖人脑结构和人脑的机制。
人类大脑的左半球的某些区域比右大脑相应的区域要大，这是人类大脑所特有的特征。
由此，人们相信人类的语言能力有其生理基础。
The case of Phineas Gage盖奇案例(2007，单选) The view that the brain is the source of human language and cognition goes back over 2000 years. 19世纪中叶,菲尼亚斯•盖奇由于工伤事故大脑前部损伤严重，但是他的感知能力、语言能力和理解能力都没有受到明显的影响。
（2008，单选）盖奇案例使得研究人员认为如果支配语言活动的中枢是在大脑的话，那么显然它不在大脑的前部。
大脑的表面，即大脑皮层，布满了上百亿个神经原(neurons)。
将人与动物区别开来的认知能力都集聚在大脑皮层上（cerebral cortex）。
大脑分为左半球和右半球。
将大脑两个半球相连的是神经路径(nerve pathway)。
通常大脑左半球控制着人体右半身的活动，大脑右半球则控制着人体左半身的活动。
The human brain人的大脑Human brain contains an average of ten billion nerve cells named neurons. The most important part of the brain is the outside surface of the brain called cerebral cortex (大脑皮层).（2002，填空）The brain is divided into two roughly symmetrical halves, called hemispheres, one on the right and one on the left. The nerve pathway connecting two hemispheres coordinates their activities.（2006，2008，判断）In general, right hemisphere controls voluntary movements of, and responds to signals from, the left side of the body, vice versa.Brain lateralization大脑的侧化（2005，填空）The localization of cognitive and perceptual functions in a particular hemisphere of the brain is called lateralization.The process of lateralization is believed to be maturational (发展成熟的过程). Although many maturational processes are not uncommon in the biological development of other species, brain lateralization appears to be specific to human beings. It is a commonly held view that lateralization is an evolutionary precondition of the development of superior intelligence as well as a precondition of language acquisition.（2004，判断）Psychological research shows that both hemispheres perform important, mental functions and they differ only in the manner in which they treat incoming stimuli.大脑的认知等功能的分工过程叫作大脑侧化。
脑力活动功能的分工有一个发育成长的过程。
大脑单侧化的功能是人类大脑所特有的。
左大脑和右大脑都参与人类重要的智能活动，只是在处理所接收的刺激信号的方式上有所差异。
它们之间的关系是一种相互依赖、互为补充的关系：如：（单选，判断）Left hemisphere Right hemispherelanguage and speech perception of nonlinguistic soundsanalytic reasoning holistic reasoningtemporal ordering visual and spatial skillsreading and writing recognition of patternscalculation recognition of musical melodiesassociative thought2.Linguistic lateralization语言侧化It is the brain’s neurological specialization for language. Linguistic lateralization in terms of left hemisphere dominance for language is found to exist in an overwhelming majority.Left hemisphere dominance for language左半球的语言优势语言侧化(linguistic lateralization)指语言能力在大脑神经系统中的分工。
一般认为，语言功能的侧化主要在大脑的左半球。
对于多数人而言，大脑左半球有着语言上的优势，这种优势与与惯用右手之间没有直接和必然的联系。
Dichotic listening research两耳分听实验It was used to analyze the characteristics of incoming stimuli processed by the individual hemispheres, later leading to right ear advantage not for all sounds, but only for those that are linguistic in nature.两耳分听研究的结果证实了人类大脑左半球的语言侧化现象。
两耳分听实验让受试者带着耳机，然后同时向左右耳输入不同的语言信号。
研究人员发现受试者能够更为准确地报告由右耳输入的语言信号。
研究人员认为右耳接收到的语言信息直接进入左脑进行加工，而左耳接收到的信息先进入右脑，然后再从右脑送至左脑进行加工。
由于间接的路径比直接的路径长，且信息传输所需的时间也长，所以受试者在报告左耳听到的信息没有右耳听到的信息准确。
这种现象又称为“右耳优势”。
3.The language centers语言中枢In addition to the motor area which is responsible for physical utterances, three areas of the left hemisphere are vital to language, which are Broca’s area, Wernicke’s area, the angular gyrus.Broca’s area (Broca is a French surgeon and anatomist) 布罗卡区The first to substantiate the claim that damage to a specific area of the brain results in a speech production deficit. （2004，单选）Language disorder resulting from damage to this area in the brain reveals word-finding difficulties and problems with syntax. 布罗卡区位于左大脑前部小叶区,有着控制语言表达的机能。
布罗卡区受伤的病人在交际时在句法和选择单词时遇到障碍。
Wernicke’s area韦尼克区He contributed directly to the hypothesis that there was more than one language area in the left-brain. His patient may suffer a severe loss of understanding. Unlike Broca’s aphasics (失语症), it produces fast and fluent speech with good intonation and pronunciation. The content of their speech ranges from mildly inappropriate to complete nonsense, often intelligible. They are very general in response to specific requests for information. 韦尼克区是另一个重要语言区域，它位于左大脑后部的一个区域。