非谓语动词不定式作状语时相当于一个状语从句,不定式作状语时往往用来作目的状语、结果状语或原因状语。
1.不定式用来作目的状语:作目的状语时,不定式的逻辑主语通常也是全句的主语,这里往往译作“为了,想要”。
(2009·辽宁卷)To be a winner,you need to give all you have and try your best.要想成为赢家,你要付出所有并竭尽全力。
2.不定式用于so...as to ...,such...as to;enough to;too...to;only to等结构中作结果状语。
Would you be so kind as to lend me your bicycle?你能不能行行好,借给我你的自行车?He is such a fool as to think that his strange behaviour can inflect others.他如此愚蠢以至于认为他奇怪的行为会影响他人。
He hurried to the booking office only to have been told all the tickets had been sold out.他匆忙去了售票处,结果被告诉所有的票已经卖完了。
专家提醒:“only+to do”表示出乎意料的结果,tell 和主语He 之间存在动宾关系,因而应用不定式的被动结构。
而现在分词作结果状语则表示自然而然的结果。
His parents died,leaving him an orphan.他的父母去世了,使他成为孤儿。
1.(2010·江西卷)There were many talented actors out there just waiting________.A.to discover B.to be discoveredC.discovered D.being discovered解析:句意为:很多有天赋的演员就在那里等待被发现。
本题考查非谓语动词作状语。
此题空格处用不定式来表示目的,而且actors与discover之间为被动关系,所以B项为答案。
答案: B2.(2010·合肥第二次教学检测)—Why are the students working so hard these days.—________ready for the ing entrance examination.A.To get B.GetC.Getting D.Got解析:考查非谓语动词。
根据答语“为了即将来临的入学考试准备”可知,此句是省略句,不定式作状语,表示目的。
答案: A3.(2010·新课标全国卷Ⅰ)With Father’s Day around the corner,I have taken some money out of the bank________presents for my dad.A.buy B.to buyC.buying D.to have bought解析:句意为:父亲节就要到了,我已经从银行取了些钱出来准备给爸爸买些礼物。
本题考查非谓语动词作状语。
从语境看,本空在句中作目的状语,用不定式,因此A的动词原形、C的现在分词、D的不定式完成式都不符合题意。
答案: B1.过去分词作状语和现在分词作状语一样,修饰主句的谓语动词,意义上相当于状语从句,表示时间、原因、条件、伴随状况等。
(2009·江西卷)Given the right kind of training,these teenager soccer players may one day grow into international stars.如果得到正确的训练,这些少年足球选手有朝一日可能成为国际明星。
(2009·福建卷)Reminded not to miss the flight at 15∶20,the manager set out for the airport in a hurry.提醒不要错过15∶20的航班,他匆忙出发过了机场。
2.某些动词的过去分词已经形容词化,且往往用于一些系表结构中。
此时这些过去分词既不表示被动,也不表示完成,而表示一种状态,这样的词有:lost(迷路的),seated(坐),hidden(躲),lost/absorbed in(沉溺于),dressed in(穿着),tired of(感到厌倦)等,不管它们作什么成分都不用其-ing形式。
Lost in the mountains for a week,we were finally saved by the local police.在大山里迷失一个星期,我们最终被当地警察所救。
Absorbed in his book,he didn’t notice me enter the room.专心读书,他没注意到我进入房间。
1.(2010·陕西卷)________from the top of the tower,the south foot of the mountain is a sea of trees.A.Seen B.SeeingC.Having seen D.To see解析:句意为:从塔顶往下看,南边的山脚下是一片树的海洋。
本题考查分词作状语。
分词作状语,其逻辑主语与句子主语一致。
主语the south foot of the mountain 与see 在逻辑上为被动关系,四个选项中只有A项表被动。
答案: A2.(2010·杭州市第二次教学检测)________by a greater demand for green products,the food pany has set higher standards to ensure the quality.A.Driven B.Being drivenC.To drive D.Having driven解析:考查非谓语动词。
绿色食品的巨大需求使食品公司制订了更高的标准以保证质量。
动词drive与其逻辑主语the food pany 存在动宾关系,因此应该使用过去分词。
答案: A3.(2009·重庆卷)Michael’s new house is like a huge palace,________with his old one. A.paring B.paresC.to pare D.pared解析:句意为:和旧房子相比,Michael的新房子就像一座巨大的宫殿。
pare与逻辑主语Michael’s new house之间构成被动关系。
答案: D1.动词的-ing 短语作状语表示在进行一动作的同时所进行的另一动作,它对谓语动词起修饰和陪衬的作用。
动词的-ing形式作状语可以表示时间、原因、条件、让步、结果、方式或伴随情况。
Being ill,he couldn’t go to school.因为生病,他不能去上学。
(原因)My car was caught in a traffic jam,thus causing the delay.我的车被交通拥挤堵住,所以延误了。
(结果)As the light turned green,I stood for a moment,not moving,and asked myself what I was going to do.(伴随)当交通路灯变绿灯时,我站了一会儿,一动不动,自问要做什么事。
2.现在分词有:一般式、被动式、完成式和完成被动式四种形式,每一种形式的否定式都是直接在前面加not 构成。
一般式(doing)表示主动的一般性的动作或者正在进行的动作;被动式(being done)表示正在进行的被动的动作;完成式(having done)表示发生在谓语动作之前的主动的动作;完成被动式(having being done)表示发生在谓语动作之前的被动的动作。
Not having received a reply,he decided to write again.没有得到答复,他决定再写信去。
The old man,having worked abroad for twenty years,came back to his motherland.(work 与句子的主语The old man之间存在主谓关系,而且work这一动作发生在谓语动作之前)在国外工作了二十年,这位老人回到了祖国。
Having been scolded many times,he determined to study hard to catch up with others.多次被批评之后,他决定努力学习赶上他人。
3.有一些固定结构,如:generally speaking,taking everything into consideration,judging from/by 等,无论主语是什么都用这种形式作状语。
Taking everything into consideration,the result is better than expected.把一切因素考虑进去,结果比预料的要好。
Judging from what he said,he must be an honest man.从他说的话来判断,他一定是一位诚实的人。
4.现在分词和过去分词作状语的区别:如果是意义上的主谓关系,一般用动词-ing形式;如果是意义上的动宾关系,则一般用过去分词。
Seen from the top of the hill,the park looks even more beautiful.从山顶上看,这个公园显得更加美丽。
(see 与主语the park之间存在动宾关系)Seeing from the top of the hill,we find the park even more beautiful.从山顶上看,我们发现这个公园显得更加美丽。
(see与主语we之间存在主谓关系)1.(2010·湖南卷)Dina,________for months to find a job as a waitress,finally took a position at a local advertising agency.A.struggling B.struggledC.having struggled D.to struggle解析:句意为:几个月以来,Dina 一直努力想找一份女服务员的工作,最终她在当地一家广告代理处谋到了一个职位。