yingyu英语学科教学整理一．缩写PPP: presentation, practice, and productionTTT : Teacher Talking TimeSTT: Student Talking TimeEAP：English for Academic PurposesESP：English for Specific PurposesESEA: Engage-Study-Engage-ActivateIATEFL: The International Association of Teachers of English as a Foreign Language TESOL: Teachers of English to Speakers of Other Languages (P185)EFL: teacher a teacher who teaches English as a foreign language p2ESA：engage study activateTQ：teaching aidsSA: means stages where the teacher leads a question and answer session with the studentsSS: means pairworkTQ---SA: it means stages where the teacher leads a question and answer session with the studentsOHP: the overhead projector二．Definition1.Schema: schema is a structured cluster of pre-conceived ideas about a specific theme, it helps us to organize our background knowledge about the reading material.2. skimming and scanning：Skimming is a kind of reading skill which means getting a general idea of what the reading material is about. Scanning is a kind of reading skill which means searching for particular bits of information.3. language acquisition and language learning：language acquisition: gaining use of a language without any conscious learning4. Stereotype: Stereotype is a popular and highly exaggerated concept of a particular group of people. Concentrating on just a few features of the particular group, it is an image, conception, or belief which exaggerates, oversimplifies, and thus distorts the characteristics of people and their behavior. For example, one group might consider another to be backward, belligerent, sexy, or arrogant. In those traditional Chinese films, thieves and criminals are always those who have ugly faces and look violent. But in reality, people with ugly faces may also have a kind heart like the cartoon film ―The Beauty and the Beast‖. This kind of misconception is the result of stereotype.5. Gist listening: Listening exercise which require students to listen for the main idea6. comprehensible input: language which is certainly above the students’productive level, but which they can more or less understand7. attention span: the length of time you can concentrate on some idea or activity(internet P11)8. plateau effect: the phenomenon that people sometimes find they don’t improve much or as fast as before.(P13)9. rough-tune: exaggerate the voice tone and gesture to help get the meaning across/ rough-toning is that unconscious simplification which both parents and teacher use by exaggerating tones of voice, speaking with less complex grammatical structures than they would if they were talking to adults. When rough-toning, their vocabulary is generally more restricted. They don’t set out to get the level of language exactly correct for their audience, but to rely on a general perception of whatis being understood by the people listening to them. (P3)10. Interactional speech and transactional speechInteractional speech: communicating with someone for social purposes. It includes both establishing and maintaining social relationships. It is more unpredictable pattern.Transactional speech: communicating to get something done, including the exchange of goods or services. It is a highly predictable11.Parallel writing (P81): where students stick closely to a model they have been given, and where the model guides their own efforts. It is especially useful for the kind of formulaic writing represented by postcards, certain kinds of letters, announcements and invitations, for example 12.Accuracy and fluency : Accuracy: the extent to which students‘ speech matches what people actually say when they use the target language. Fluency: the extent to which speakers use the language quickly and confidently, with few hesitations or unnatural pauses, false starts, word searches, etc.13.overgeneralization:A process in which a learner extends the use of a grammatical rule of linguistic item beyond its accepted uses, generally by making words or structures follow a more regular pattern. For example, use mans instead of men for the plural of man.14.Development error: An error in learner language that does not result from first language influence but rather reflects the learner's gradual discovery of the second language system. These errors are often similar to those made by children learning the language as their mother tongue. 15.Corpus: In linguistics, a corpus (plural corpora) or text corpus is a large and structured set of texts (now usually electronically stored and processed). They are used to do statistical analysis and hypothesis testing, checking occurrences or validating linguistic rules on a specific universe. A corpus may contain texts in a single language (monolingual corpus) or text data in multiple languages (multilingual corpus). Multilingual corpora that have been specially formatted forside-by-side comparison are called aligned parallel corpora.rmation gap: Two speakers have different parts of information making up a whole. One person has information that the other lacks. The speaker has the information which the listener does not know or the speaker wants to know information that the listener has. They have different information, and there is a gap between them. Students need to negotiate. In the classroom, the same kind of information gap will have to be created if we are to encourage real communication.17.Strategy and skill: strategy:a systimatic and elaborate plan to achieve particular purposes skill:an ability that has been acquired by training三．Short questions:1.List at least four principles of teaching listening.①The tape recorder is just as important as the tape.②Preparation is vital.③Once will not be enough.④Students should be encouraged to respond to the content of a listening, not just to thelanguage.⑤Different listening stages demand different listening tasks.⑥Good teachers exploit listening texts to the full.2.List at least four principles of teaching speaking.①Be aware of the differences between second language and foreign languagelearning contexts.②Give students practice with both fluency and accuracy.③Plan speaking tasks that involve negotiation for meaning.④Design classroom activities that involve guidance and practice in both transactionaland interactional speaking.3.List at least four principles of teaching reading.①reading is not a passive skill②students need to be engaged with what they are reading③students should be encouraged to respond to the content of a reading text, not just to the language.④prediction is a major factor in reading⑤match the task to the topic⑥good teachers exploit reading texts to the full4.List at least four principles of teaching writing.1)The type of writing we get students to do will depend on their age, interests and level. Our decisions will be based on how much language the students know, what their interests are and what we think will not only be useful for them but also motivate them as well.2) Provide opportunities for students to write -practice writing.3) Make feedback and correction helpful and meaningful: over-correction ; Over-correction can have a very demotivating effect. As with all types of correction, the teacher has to achieve a balance between being accurate and truthful on the one hand and treating students sensitively and sympathetically on the other. One way of avoiding the 'over-correction' problem is for teacher to tell their students that for a particular piece of work they are only going to correct mistakes of punctuation, or spelling, or grammar etc. This has two advantages: it makes students concentrate on that particular aspect, and it cuts down on the correction.4)Written symbolsAnother technique which many teachers use is to agree on a list of written symbols (S = spelling, WO = word order etc.). When they come across a mistake they underline it discreetly and write the symbol in the margin.This makes correction look less damaging.5)Write a comment at the end of a piece of written work.Different forms of feedback are also very important.6)Correcting is important, but it can be time-consuming and frustrating. Common sense and talking to students about it are the only solutions here.7)Correction is worthless if students just put their corrected writing away and never look at it again.5.List at least three special features about teaching listening.①Tapes go at the same speed for everybody.②Students have to be encouraged to listen for general understanding first rather than trying to pick out details immediately.③Spoken language has a number of unique features.6..List at least four aspects that should be included in a teaching plan.It needs to contain detailed information about the students.It has to contain what the teachers/students want to do.It will say how the teacher/students should do it.It will talk about what might go wrong (and how it can be dealt with) and how the lesson fits in with lessons before and after it.6.7.List at least four teaching methods and approaches that have influenced currentteaching practice.Grammar-translation, audio-lingualism, PPP(presentation practice production) , task-based learning, communicative language teaching8.List at least four differences between teaching adults and teaching children.(P11)A.The first difference between adults and younger ages is that the former come to lessonswith a long history of learning experience.B.Adolescents have their own histories.C.Adults are frequently more nervous of learning than younger pupils are.D.It is hard for the teachers of adolescents to control the class.E.The adults may have a view of the importance of learning which makes them stick to acourse of study in a specifically adult way.F.The adults do not necessarily need their learning to be camouflaged.9.List at least three reading skills that students need to acquire and explain each of them.①To scan the text for particular bits of information they are searching for. This skill means thatstudents do not need to read every word and line, but to search for particular information.②To skim a text to get a general idea. This skill means that students should not try to gather all details or concentrate too hard on specifics. Students need to skim to get a general idea of what the reading material is about.③To read for detailed comprehension. When looking for details, students are expected to concentrate on the minutiae of what they are reading.10.List at least four areas that teachers should consider when choosing textbooks.1. price2. availability3. layout and design4. methodology5. skills6. syllabus7. topic8. stereotyping9. teacher‘s guide11.List at least four seating arrangements in the class.Orderly rows, circle, horseshoe, separate tables(P18)12.List at least four pieces of equipment that you can make use of in an English class.the board; the computer; the dictionary; the overhead projector pictures and cards; the tape recorder; the video playback machine; the video camera13.List two popular information-gap activities.Two sets –set A and set B making up a whole. Each set carries part of the information needed to solve a problem.Describe and DrawOne student has a picture.The partner has to draw the picture without looking at the original.The one with the picture will give instructions and descriptions, and the “artist”will ask questions and draw.It is highly motivating, there is a real purpose for the communication (the information gap, completion of the task), and almost any language can be used. Remember to exchange the students’roles if the activity is used more than once.14.List three types of writing rubrics.1)Non-weighted rubric2)Weighted rubric3)Holistic rubric15.List the four alternatives that Neville Grant suggests when the teacher finds the text notappropriate.Neville Grant‘s suggestionsOmission replacement addition adaptation16.List at least four characteristics of good learners. (P10)a willingness to listen; a willingness to experiment; a willingness to ask questions; a willingness to think about how to learn; a willingness to accept correction17.List at least two magazines you know concerning the teaching of English.TESOL in Context (Australia)ELT News and Views (Argentina)JALT News (Japan)Israel English Teaching Journal (Israel)UK journals:ELT Journal (published by Oxford University Press)Modern English Teacher (published by Prentice Hall Europe)English Teaching Professional (published by First Person Publishing)US journals:English Teaching Forum (published by the United States Information Service )TESOL Journal18.What are the four stages of choosing a textbook?Analysis, Piloting, Consultation, Gathering opinions19.List at least three advantages of encouraging students to speak English in class.①Rehearsal: A free discussion outside the classroom and a real-life role-play inside the classroommay help students understand what communication is.②Feedback: Speaking activities may provide feedback, which is beneficial to both students andteachers.③Engagement: Speaking activities can be highly motivating and involve more participation and enjoyment.20.What is the natural order of language acquisition?(P24)Be exposed to itUnderstand its meaningUnderstand its formPractice it21.What is the purpose of “activate” activities?(P26)Get the students using language as freely and ―communicatively‖ as they can.Offer the students a chance to try out real langue use with little or no restriction—a kind of rehearsal for the real world.22.What is the purpose of “engage” activities?Arouse the students‘ interest, thus involving their emotions so that they can learn better.23.List at least two principles of giving instructions.⑴The instructions must be kept as simple as possible.⑵The instructions must be logical.⑶The instructions must be clear and well stated.⑷It is important for the teachers to check that the students have understood what they havebeing asked to do. P424.What are the three basic level distinctions of language learners?(P13)Beginners; intermediate students; advanced students四. Discussions:1.What is accuracy? What is fluency? How to give students practice in both accuracy andfluency? State your point of view.Accuracy: the extent to which st udents‘ speech matches what people actually say when they use the target language.Fluency: the extent to which speakers use the language quickly and confidently, with few hesitations or unnatural pauses, false starts, word searches, etc.My point of view is to avoid interruptions and offer fluency-building practice. Making mistakes is a natural part of learning a new language. When students are repeating sentences trying to get their pronunciation exactly right, then the teacher will often correct appropr iately every time there‘s a problem. But if students were involved in a passionate discussion, the teacher shouldn‘t interrupt. Otherwise the conversational flow may be destroyed.2.What are the key elements in a lesson plan? How to design an effective lesson plan andmake it feasible in the process of teaching? State your point of view.Coherence , variety。