第一讲英语基本句子成分和句子结构一、英语句子成分句子成分的定义：构成句子的各个部分叫句子成分。
句子成分有主要成分和次要成分，主要成分有主语和谓语，次要成分有表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语、同位语和插入语。
1. 主语：主语是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首。
但在there be结构、疑问句（当主语不是疑问词时）和倒装句中，主语位于谓语动词、助动词或情态动词后面。
主语可由名词、和主语从句等表示。
例如：（数词）（主语从句）（it为形式主语，不定式为真实主语）2. 谓语：谓语说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。
动词在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后。
谓语的构成如下：(1)(2) 复合谓语：由（情态动词或其他助动词+动词原形）构成。
例如：3. 表语：表语用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态，它一般位于系动词（如be, keep, remain, become, get, grow, turn, look, seem, feel, smell, sound, taste等）之后。
表语须和系动词一起构成句子的复合谓语（系表结构）。
表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、（表语从句）4. 宾语：，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。
例如：（名词）（代词）（名词化形容词）（动名词）（宾语从句）(1)间宾直宾直宾间宾※可以带双宾语的动词有bring, give, show, send, pass, tell, lend, offer, buy, make, do等。
(2)宾语宾语补足语5. 宾语补足语：用以补充说明宾语，并与宾语一起构成复合宾语的句子成分，叫做宾语补足语。
英语中有些及物动词，除有一个直接宾语以外，还要有一个宾语补足语，才能使句子的意义完整。
带有宾语补足语的一般句型为：某些及物动词（如make, let, see, find, name等）或介词（如with）+宾语+宾补。
宾语补足语可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句（从句）6. 定语（形容词）（现在分词）（过去分词）（名词）（不定式）（动名词）（介词短语）7. 状语：修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫做状语。
（不定式）（方式状语）（目的状语）（结果状语从句）8. 同位语：同位语是在名词或代词之后并列的另一个名词或代词，对前者加以解释或说明的句子成分。
它近乎于后置定语，对前面的名词或代词做进一步的解释，说明前面的词是“谁”、是“什么”等。
同位语通常由名词、代词或从句等担当。
例如：（同位语从句）（动名词）9. 插入语：插入语是对句子的额外补充说明，是句子主体内容之外的成分，用逗号或者破折号把插入语和主体内容隔开。
虽然处于句子内部，但是插入语的存在并不影响句子的结构。
如果将插入语去掉，则基本句在结构上仍然是完整的。
从语义上看，插入语的作用仅仅在于表明说话人对句子内容所持的态度或指出说话内容的来源、根据或评价。
插入语可以是副词、动词短语、介词短语、动词不定式短语。
例如：（副词）（动词短语）（介词短语）from an improved formula.（从句）二、英语句子结构1. 基本句型(1) 主-系-表People are clearly more curious about bad news than good ones.Traditional methods may prove economically valuable in the future.(2) 主-谓Often, governments act in an even more harmful way.This attitude altered with the realization that marginal communities can survive and adapt in spite of partial integration into a notoriously fickle world economy.(3) 主-谓-宾Research into United States has shown a relationship between temperature and street riots.(4) 主-谓-宾-宾By her hard work she won herself a place in the school team.In return, we’ll send you a thank-you present, which you can choose from a list of high-quality items.(5) 主-谓-宾-补The colder water made the divers worse at simple arithmetic and other mental tasks.Those skills will make them more valuable employees in the future.2. 存在句型（there be句型）There is no such a thing as an unbiased observation.There is no doubt that the new genetic and dental evidence provides strong backing for Greenberg’s view.注：There之后除了使用系动词之外，也可以使用come, emerge, exist, lie, live, occur, stand, be likely to be, happen to be, turn out to be, seem to be, used to be等表示状态或发生的动词。
Now, however, there turned out to be more to the story.In the 1950s and 1960s, there emerged an awareness in Western societies that resources for the provision of fossil fuel energy were finite and exhaustible.3. 比较句型（形容词或副词的比较级+ than）More food is now produced per head of the world’s population than at any time in history.It is a great deal easier to motivate employees in a growing organization than a declining one.The more effort put in and the wider the whole school involvement, the more substantial the results are likely to be.注：(1) 可用于修饰形容词或副词比较级的词much, even, still, yet, far, a lot, a great deal, twice, five times, 20%, a little, a bit, rather……(2) “最……”的其他表达法a. 运用比较级表达最高级的概念Julia is taller than any other girl in her class.Julia is taller than the other girls in her class.Julia is taller than the rest of the girls in her class.b. 其他结构I have never heard a better voice than yours.(3) 倍数的表达A 是B的三倍大。
（A比B大两倍。
）A is 3 times bigger than B.A is 3 times as big as B.A is 3 times the size of B.A is bigger thanB by 3 times.4. 强调句型(1) It is … who/that …It is this management mechanism that has allowed the company to prosper.It was the lack of repair work which was directly responsible for the explosion.It was above all the French, followed closely by the Americans, who were the most passionate exporters of the new invention. （剑4，G，TA，R）(2) 对not…until句型中的时间状语加以强调时，not也同时提前，跟在until前It wasn’t until the 1950s that the idea of an international treaty was proposed.(3) do/does/did + 动词原形这种强调句型只有一般现在时和一般过去时两种，只对肯定的谓语动词进行强调，没有疑问和否定形式。
do在句中要重读。
Do be careful next time.She did tell me about her address, but I forget all about it.ExerciseI. 确定句子成分并翻译句子1. Fish features very largely in the diet of these islanders.2. In fact, a basic amount of movement occurs during sleep which is specifically concerned with preventing muscle inactivity.3. Stories about the problems of tourism have become legion in the last few years.4. In most parts of the world, the relation between population and resources is already unfavorable and will probably become even more unfavorable in the future.5. This growing poverty in the midst of growing poverty constitutes a permanent menace to peace.6. The team’s victory consolidated its chance for winning the championship.7. His uncle found him a well-paid job in Shanghai.8. In order to deal with all calls effectively, we offer you a number of options.9. We will hold you responsible for all the consequences.10. They placed their children in the custody of their neighbour.II. 汉译英1. 互联网是当今世界所有知识和信息的关键。