医学英语词汇学习HEMAT/O /L0GY 血液学The root is the foundation of the word. All medical terms have one or more roots. For example, the root hemat means blood.词根是单词的基础组成部分，所有的医学词汇都有一个或好几个词根组成，例如词根hemat就是血液的意思。
The suffix is the word ending. All medical terms have a suffix. The suffix-logy means process of study后缀是单词的结束部分，所有的医学词汇都有一个后缀，后缀-logy的意思就是“…学”“…论”，“…问题研究”等The combining vowel-usually o, as in this term-links the root to the suffix or the root to another root .连接元音o起到连接词根和后缀或者连接词根和词根的作用。
A combining vowel has no meaning of its own ; it joins one word part to another.连接元音本身没有任何意思，只是起到一个连接作用It is useful to read the meaning of medical terms starting from the suffix and then goingback to the beginning of the term. Thus, the term hematology means process of study of blood.在理解医学词汇的意思时从后向前理解是非常有用的方法，例如hematology 就可以理解为“研究血液以及研究血液相关疾病的学科”也就是血液学。
Hematology/heamatology :study of blood,the blood forming organs, and blood diseases . ELECTROCARDIOGRAM ELECTR/0/CARDI/O/GRAM 心电图（同义词cardiogram/EKG/ECG）The root electr means electricity.词根electr 表示电，电气，电流，电荷The root cardi means heart.词根cardi表示心脏The suffix -gram means record.后缀-gram表示“书写的东西，图画，图像，记录的东西”The entire word, reading from the suffixback to the beginning of the term, means recordof the electricity In the heart.整个单词从后向前理解为;记录心脏电生理的图像.即心电图Notice that there are two combining vowels——both o——in this term. The first o links thetwo roots electr and cardi ; the second o links the root cardi and the suffix-gram. 在这个单词里面用了2个连接，第一个是连接electr和cardi这两个词根的，第二个是连接cardi和后缀-gram.补充词汇：Gram negative adj.革兰氏阴性的Gram positive adj.革兰氏阳性的Gram negative bacteria adj.革兰氏阴性菌Cardi 开襟羊毛衫，心脏2017.02.09GASTRITISGASTR/ITISthe root gastr means stomach.词根gastr表示“胃的”…The suffix-itis means inflammation.后缀-it is表示炎症The entire word, reading from the end of the term (suffix) to the beginning, means inflammation of the stomach.单词从后向前理解为：”胃发生的炎症”.即胃炎Notice that the combining vowel, o, is missing in this term. This is because the suffix,-itis, begins with a vowel. The combining vowel is dropped before a suffix that begins with a vowel.请注意在这个单词里面连接元音O消失了，这是因为后缀-itis 是以元音开头的，也就是说连接元音O会掉落（会被省略）当后缀是以元音开头的时候。
预告：下次会有和gastritis 规则不一样的单词，及时后缀也元音开头也同样会出现连接元音o。
to be continued2017.02.10It is retained,however, between two roots, even if the second root begins with a vowel. Consider the following termGastr/0/enter/o/logyThe root gastr means stomach.the root enter means intestines.The suffix-logy means process of study. The entire term means process of study of the stomach and intestines.Notice that the combining vowel is retained between gastr and enter, even though the secondroot, enter, begins with a vowel. when a term contains two or more roots related to parts of the body, anatomic position often determines which root goes before the other . For example, the stomach receives food first, before the small intestine-so the word is formedas gastroenterology , not“enterogrtrology”In summary, remember three general rules:1. Read the meaning of medical terms from the suffix back to the beginning ofthe term and across.2. Drop the combining vowel (usually o) before a suffix beginning with a vowel gastritis, not"gastroitis."3. Keep the combining vowel between two roots: gastroenterology, not-gastrenterology."Inaddition the root, suffix. And, combining vowel, two other word parts are commonly found in medical terms. These are the combining form and the prefix. The combining formis simply the root plus the combining vowel. For example. You already are familiar with thefollowing combining forms and their meanings:HEMAT/O means bloodroot + combining vowel = COMBINING FORM GASTR/O means stomachroot + combining vowel =COMBINING FORM CARDI/O means heartroot + combining vowel = COMBINING FORM Combining forms are used with many different suffixes .Remembering the meaning of a Combining form will help you understand different medical terms.The prefix is a small part that is attached to the beginning of a term. Not all medical terms contain prefixes, but the prefix can have an important influence on the meaning- Consider the following examples:Hypo/gastr/ic: pertaining to below thestomach 下腹部的，下腹的 hypo: belowEpi/gastr/ic : pertaining to above the stomach 上腹部的，上腹的 epi: aboveIn summary, the Important elements of medical terms are the following1, Root: foundation of the term2. Suffix : word ending3. Prefix : word beginning4. combining vowel: vowel (usually o) that links the root to the suffix or the root to another root5. Combining form :combination of the root and the combining vowel2017年三月份学习内容：P34：Chapter2STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION OF THE BODYThis chapter provides you with an orientation to the body as a whole-cells, tissues, organs,systems, and terminology describing positions and directions within the body. We beginwith the smallest living unit, the cell, andbuild to an understanding of complex body systems. In order to know how organs function in both health and disease, it is importantto appreciate the workings of their individual cellular units.CELLSThe cell is the fundamental unit of all living things (animal or plant). Cells are everywherein the human body-every tissue, every organ is made up of these individual units.Similarity in Cells.All cells are similar in that they contain a gelatinous substance composedof water, protein, sugar, acids, fats, and various minerals. Several parts of a cell, describednext, are pictured in Figure 2-1 as they might look when photographed with an electronmicroscope. Label the structures on Figure 2-1. Throughout the book, numbers or letters in brackets indicate that the boldface term pre ceding it is to be used in labeling.The cell membrane [1] not only surrounds and protects the cell but also regulates what passes into and out of the cell.The nucleus [2] controls the operations of the cell. It directs cell division and determinesthe structure and function of the cell. Chromosomes [3] are rod-like structures within the nucleus. All human body cells- except for the sex cells, the egg and the sperm (short for spermatozoon )-contain 23pairsof chromosomes. Each sperm and each egg cell have only 23 unpaired chromosomes. After an egg snd a sperm cell unite to form the embryo,each sell of the embryo then has 46 chromosomes (23pairs)(Figure2-2)Chromosomes contain regions called genes. There are several thousand genes, in an orderly sequence, on every chromosome. Each gene contains a chemical called DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). DNA regulates the activities of the cell according to its sequence(arrangement into genes) on each chromosome. The DNA sequence resembles a series of recipes in code. This code, when passed out of the nucleus to the rest of the cell,directs theactivities of the cell, such as cell division and synthesis of proteins.A katyotype is a photograph of an individual's chromosomes, arranged by size, shape, andnumber (Figure 2-3). Karyotyping can determine whether chromosomes are normal. Forexample. An obstetrician mav recommend amniocentesis (puncture of the sac around the fetus for removel of fluid and cell)for a pregnant woman so that the karyotypr of the baby can be examined。