独立主格结构和with / without复合结构1.概念:独立主格结构不是一个独立的句子，有逗号，在句中充当状语、可以表示时间、原因、条件、方式或伴随情况等。
2.结构: 名词/代词+ 非谓语（doing & todo & done 形容词&副词介词短语Taking your age into consideration, y ou’d better not go hiking.Your age taken into consideration, you’d better not go hik ing.(Ⅰ) 名词/代词+分词(过去分词done & 现在分词doing当分词作状语时,其逻辑主语与句子的主语不一致时,分词应有自己的逻辑主语,构成分词的独立结构。
一般位于句首,也可放在句尾;作伴随状语时,常放在句首。
1.________________, they left the meeting– room.（问题解决了）（settle）2.____________ , we`ll go there on foot.(时间允许的话)(permit)3.He was lying on the grass, __________________________(他的手交叉在手下) (cross)(Ⅱ)名词/代词+ (being) 形容词1._________________, he had to stay home to look after her.(他妈妈生病了)2. He entered the house, ___________________（red）(他的鼻子冻得通红)(Ⅲ)名词／代词＋（being) 副词He put on his socks，_____________.（反的一面在外面）(out(Ⅳ)名词／代词＋不定式1.I send you 100 dollars today, the rest __ in a year. (2005湖南)A. followsB. followedC. to followD. being followed2.__________________________ (最后一个人的到来)，our party will start.（arrive）（Ⅴ）名词／代词＋介词短语在这一结构中，如果逻辑主语与介词短语中的名词都是单数名词，这些名词前习惯不用冠词。
1.Our teacher came into the classroom, ____________.(手上一本书)2._______________ , the soldier rushed to the top of the mountain.(肩上一面旗帜）(Ⅵ)有些独立主格结构中没有分词，仅在名词或代词之后直接跟作表语或状语的词或词组，省去的分词一般是being 或having been，这是为了简练。
但在“being+过去分词”或“there being＋过去分词”结构中，being不可省。
1.___________________, he went to school.(早餐结束后)（over）2.____________________________, she went back to her room. (没有闹钟的原因)3._________________________, we can‘t go there. (房间正在被油漆)二．With和without复合结构with和without复合结构是:with/without＋名词／代词＋分词／不定式／形容词／副词／介词短语。
在句子中可以作状语或定语。
（Ⅰ）with/without＋名词／代词＋现在分词。
用现在分词表示主动、正在进行或发生的动作。
(Ⅱ) with/without 名词／代词+ 过去分词。
用过去分词表示被动或已完成的动作。
(Ⅲ) with/without＋名词／代词＋不定式。
用不定式表示将要发生的动作。
(Ⅳ)with/without＋名词／代词＋形容词。
1. She sleeps with the window ____________.2. I couldn`t finish my work with those children __.A. playing aroundB. plays aroundC. played aroundD. to play around(1) On Sundays there were a lot of children playing in the park, ____ parents were seated together joking.A. theirB. whoseC. whichD. that(2) On Sundays there were a lot of children playing in the park, and _________ parents were seated together joking. A. their B. whose C. which D. that(3) On Sundays there were a lot of children playing in the park, _________ parents sitting together joking.A. theirB. whoseC. whichD. that(4) On Sundays there were a lot of children playing in the park, _________ parents sat together joking.A. theirB. whoseC. whichD. that(5) On Sundays there were a lot of children playing in the park, _________ parents were sitting together joking.A. theirB. whoseC. whichD. thatIn the read-room, we found her seated at a desk, with her attention __ on a book.A. fixingB. fixesC. fixedD. to fixWith a lot of difficult problems __, the newly-elected president is having a hard time.A. settledB. settlingC. to settleD. being settled三．with和without复合结构与独立主格结构的转化（Ⅰ）with和without复合结构与独立主格结构在句中作状语时，一般可相互转换；此外还可变为状语从句或并列句。
（１）作时间状语With winter coming on, the trees turn yellow and some birds fly south.=Winter coming on, the trees turn yellow and some birds fly south.= When winter comes on, the trees turn yellow and some birds fly south.（２）作原因状语With the key lost, she could not enter the room.=The key lost, she could not enter the room.=As/Because the key had been lost, she could not enter the room.(3)作条件状语With time permitting, we`ll visit the Summer Palace.=Time permitting, we`ll visit the Summer Palace.=If time permits, we`ll visit the Summer Palace.(4)作伴随状语Here are the first three volumes withthe fourth one to come out next month.=Here are the first three volumes, the fourth one to come out next month.=Here are the first three volumes and the fourth one is coming out next month.(Ⅱ) with和without复合结构可以作后置定语修饰名词，而独立主格结构则不可作后置定语修饰名词。
Soon she arrived at a park with grass green and flowers in blossom.=Soon she arrived at a park whose grass was green and whose flowers were in blossom.巩固练习1.__ ten minutes __ before the last train left, we arrived at the station.A. There were; to goB. With; to goC. I was; leftD. It had; left2.The lady said she would buy a gift for her daughter with the __.A.20 dollars remainedB.20 dollars to remainC.remained 20 dollarsD. remaining 20 dollars3.__ the lights off, we could not go on with the work.A. UntilB. AsC. WithD. Because4.It was a pity that the great writer died __ his work unfinished.A. forB. withC. fromD. of5.The weather __ so bad, we had to put off the football match.A. wasB. isC. wereD. being6. __, the runners raced on to the finishing line.A. Stick in handB. With a stick in his handC. Sticks in handD. Sticks in hands7. The boy lay on the ground, his eyes __ and his hands __.A. being closed; tremblingB. closed; tremblingC. closed; trembledD. closing; trembled8.__,the work can be done much better.A. Given more timeB. We had been given more timeC. More time givenD. If more time had given9.Weather __, the sports meet will be held as scheduled.A. permitsB. will permitC. to permitD. permitting10.__ a rainy day, he didn`t go out for a walk as usual.A. It wasB. It isC. It beingD. Having been•一、分析句子结构1. ________many times , but he still couldn't understand it .2. ___many times , he still couldn't understand it .• A. Having been told B. Told C. He was told D. Though he told3. ________to the left , you'll find the post office .4. If you ________to the left , you'll find the post office .5. ________to the left , and you'll find the post office .• A. Turning B. To turn C. Turn D. Turned•二、分析逻辑主语确定要选非谓语动词之后，第二步要分析其逻辑主语。