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language
• a language can be defined as an infinite set of well -formed sentences • A structured system for combining words that make it possible for us to communicate to others, to think about our immediate environment, or to imagine.
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• 解释充分性 得到充分描写的语法应该揭示语言能力，还 要把它与普遍语法联系起来，以与人脑的 初始状态联系起来并揭示人类的认知系统。
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Transformational rules
• Chomsky developed the TGG to account for our understanding of the relationship between a set of sentences with the same meaning or structure • Besides accounting fot the relationship between constituents within a sentence,TGG uses transformational rules to describe the relationship between sentences.
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gHale Waihona Puke ammar• grammar is a formal device with a finite set of rules that generates the sentences in the language • observational adequacy观察充分性 • descriptive adequacy描写充分性 • explanatory adequacy解释充分性
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• observational adequacy观察充分性 The grammar must specify what is and what is not an acceptable sequence in the language 语法能够对原始的语言材料做出正确的解释
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• descriptive adequacy描写充分性 The grammar must specify the relationships between various sequences in the language. 语法不仅应该能正确解释原始的语言材料， 而且要正确解释说话人和听话人的内在语 言能力
Transformational Grammar
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• Transformational grammar was an influential theory of grammar formulated by Chomsky in the late 1950s. The theory inspired a considerable amount of psycholinguistic work in 1960s and early 1970s. The significance of this linguistic and psycholinguistic work remains controversial.
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deep structure
• 1.The underlying idea or meaning of the surface structure is its deep structure. • 2.the underlying structure of a sentence that conveys the meaning of a sentence. • D.S.Sentences are simple active sentences that are transformed into more complex linear surface orders
– Mary gave a ball to Pat简单，主动，肯定，陈述（核心句） – Pat was given a ball by Mary（被动转换） – Did Mary give a ball to Pat?（疑问转换） – Was it not a ball that Mary gave to Pat?（被动 否定疑问转换） 都派生于同一个深层结构
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surface structure
• The linear ordering that we read or hear • the superficial arrangement of constituents and is closer to how the sentence is actually pronounced.
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• It must specify the obligatory and optional constituent structures that transform one sentence into another.
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transformational rules
• underlying meaning