第01讲翻译的道德观和文体的概念道德观1.Ethics of representation；2.Ethics of service；3.Ethics of communication；4.Norm-based ethicsStriving for ExcellenceExcelling in a practice brings a sense of satisfaction in its own right (what MacIntyre calls …internal goods‟), quite apart from any external benefits. Entering into a practice means entering into a relationship with its history and tradition (its narrative, in fact) and its contemporary practitioners. It also means accepting the authority of prevailing standards of excellence (at least initially), and striving to achieve them, even to exceed them. Achieving this excellence not only enriches the person involved but also the community at large. Roughly speaking, a virtue can then be defined as an acquired human quality that helps a person strive for excellence in a practice (MaIntyre 1981: 178). Such virtues include trustworthienss, turthfulness, fairness, and the courage to take risks in caring for others. Apart from virtues, practices also involve purely technical skills.A Hieronymic Oath1.I swear to keep this Oath to the best of my ability and judgment. [Commitment]2.I swear to be a loyal member of the translator’s professions, respecting its history. I amwilling to share my expertise with colleagues and to pass it on to trainee translators. I will not work for unreasonable fees. I will always translate to the best of my ability. [loyalty to the profession]3.I will use my expertise to maximize communication and minimize misunderstanding acrosslanguage barriers.[Understanding]4.I swear that my translations will not represent their source texts in unfair way. [Truth]5.I will respect my readers by trying to make my translations as accessible as possible,according to the conditions of each translation task. [Clarity]6.I undertake to respect the professional secrets of my clients and not to exploit clients’information for personal gain. I promise to respect deadlines and to follow clients’instructions. [Trustworthiness]7.I will be honest about my own qualifications and limitations; I will not accept work that isoutside my competence. [Truthfulness]8.I will inform clients of unresolved problems, and agree to arbitration in cases of dispute.[Justice]9.I will do all I can to maintain and improve my competence, including all relevant linguistic,technical and other knowledge and skills. [Striving for excellence]文体第二次世界大战中，罗斯福下达灯火管制的命令，秘书写了一稿秘书Such preparations shall be made as will completely obscure all Federal buildings and non-Federal buildings occupied by the Federal Government during an air raid for any period of time from visibility by reason of internal or external illumination. Such obscuration may be obtained either by blackout construction or by termination of the illumination. This will, of course, require that in building areas in which production must continue during the blackout, construction must be provided that internal illumination may continue. Other areas, whether or not occupied by personnel, may be obscured by terminating the illumination.罗斯福Tell them that in buildings where they have to keep the work going, put something across the window. In buildings where they can afford to let the work stop for a while, turn out the lights.本周作业一、翻译，注意语体正式程度差异：1．To some scholars, instruction emanates from lecture or laboratory; to others it radiates from within. No scholar is so well taught as he who can teach himself.学人中有受教于讲堂、实验室者，亦有教发之于内者。
能自教自学，则学人中之最上乘矣。
2．Although learning is judged to require from teachers (and sometimes indeed it does), the real instructors may be found not so much in school or in great laboratories as in the student’s own powers of insight.学识得之于导师是人所共见的，有时也确乎如此。
但是，真正的“导师”大都不出自学校或实验室，而是学者本人的洞察力。
3．We think we learn from teachers, and we sometimes do. But the teachers are not always to be found in school or in great laboratories. Sometimes what we learn depends upon our own powers of insight.大家都说我们是向老师求教，一般说来，情形的确如此。
但是老师也并不只有在学校里或大实验室里才能找到。
有时候，我们学到了东西，靠的是自己的心明眼亮。
4．You know, people are always saying they learn from teachers! OK, so they do,sometimes. But what I want to get across is this: you don’t always find your teachers in schools or in labs, either. No sir! Sometimes you find the teacher right in your own eyes and ears and brains. That’s where it’s at!大家总是说教学教学，教师教，学生学。
不错，有时候是那么回事。
但是，依我看，老师也不是只有在学校里或者在实验室里才能找到，不是的！有时“教师”就在你自己的脑袋里，在你的耳朵里、眼睛里，就是这么回事！二、翻译，注意体裁差异：In climatology, season of the year between winter and summer during which temperatures gradually rise. It is generally defined in the Northern Hemisphere as extending from the vernal equinox (day and night equal in length), March 20 or 21, to the summer solstice (year's longest day), June 21 or 22, and in the Southern Hemisphere from September 22 or 23 to December 22 or 23. The spring temperature transition from winter cold to summer heat occurs only in middle and high latitudes; near the Equator, temperatures vary little during the year. Spring is very short in the polar regions. （Encyclopædia Britannica，Ultimate Reference Suite，Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica,2009.）在气候学上，一年中介于冬天和夏天之间，气温逐渐升高的季节即是春季。