英汉语篇对比与翻译
Chinese: Paratactic (意合), Implicit coherence (隐性连贯), coordination of clauses,etc. in succession without connectives(不借助词语或句子 所含意义的逻辑联系来实现它们之间的连接。 ).
这是一篇报刊文章,译文风格不宜太口语化, 还要掌握政治用语的分寸,使译文尽量符合汉 语的习惯。同时,原文中划底线语句的译文也 要 根据上文语境和大语篇的提示 准确理解后 才能译出来
狭义语篇语境 ( 即上下文 ) 明确了原文中 “ it ” 、 “ these & men ” 的实际所指: “ guarantee Ronald Reagan's resounding
more healthy.(虚拟条件)
英语的意合
C.形式词被简约后构成的意合句 I don’t know exactly (that) he is a professor. How many students (whom) do you think will
succeed in this test? There is no breeze (which) came through the
译例
It should have been easy . These were battle-tested veterans with long ties to Reagan and even longer ones to the Republican Party, men who understood presidential polities as well as any in the country. The backdrop of the campaign was hospitable , with lots of good news to work with : America was at peace , and the nation's economy, a key factor in any election, was rebounding vigorously after recession. Further more, the campaign itself was lavishly finaced , with plenty of money for a topflight staff , travel , and television commercials . And, most important, their candidate was Ronald Reagan, a president of tremendous personal popularity and dazzling communication skills . Reagan has succeeded more than any president since John F. Kennedy in projecting a broad vision of America ---a nation of renewed military strength , individual initiative , and smaller federal government.
reelection to a second term in the White House ” 和 “ The three principals and their two deputies ” ,即 “ 谋求再次当选 ” 和 “ 三位主角与两位助理 ” 。
广义语篇语境 ( 社会文化语境 ) 提示了原文中 “ campaign ” 、 “ staff ” 、 “ travel ” 、 “ television commercials ” 等词的实际内涵为 “ 总统竞选 ” 、 “ 竞选班子 ” 、 “ 全国巡回演 说 ” 、 “ 电视宣传 ” ,这都是美国政治和社会
2. As Tom has failed to come due to his sudden illness, we have to ask you to take his place.
形合与意合·例2
出国留学,能让你充实自己,提高自身能力,结 识更多的朋友,体验不同文化与国家风情,是很 有价值的经历。准备出国学习,也要做好克服一 切困难的必要准备,这也很重要。 Overseas study can help you enrich yourself, improve yourself, make more friends, and experience different cultures and foreign charms. Therefore, it will be a valuable experience for you. However, those who plan to study abroad are also required to make preparations for all kinds of difficulties, which is
according, therefore, meanwhile e. 代词与代用形式(pronoun and pro-form): me,
one, each, none, in that way, if so
英语的意合
A.成语、谚语或哲理性语言 No pains, no gains. Easy come, easy go. Like father, like son. More haste, less speed.
形合与意合
美国翻译家奈达在《译意》(Translating Meaning) 译书中指出:“就汉语和英语而言,也许在语言学上 最重要的一个区别,就是形合和意合的对比。”
王力指出, “西洋语的结构好象连环,虽则环与环都联络 起来,毕竟有联络的痕迹;中国语的结构好象无缝天衣, 只是一块一块的硬凑,凑起来还不让它有痕迹.西洋语 法有许多呆板的要求,如每一个clause里必须有一个主 语;中国语法只以达意为主,如相关的两件事可以硬 凑在一起,不用任何的connective word.”
open window. (which 被简约)(刘宓庆1991)
陈宏薇(P39)
信息结构
陈宏薇(P41)
衔接和连贯
衔接指语言的表层形式和陈述之间的关系。语 言学界普遍认为韩礼德和哈桑的Cohesion in English是衔接理论创立的标志。他们认为,衔 接分为五大类:照应( reference ),替代 ( substitution) , 省略( ellipsis) , 连接 ( conjunction) 及词汇衔接( lexical cohesion)。
形合与意合对翻译的启示
两种形合手段
形态,包括构词和构形; 形式词,包括连接词、关系词、介词、助词、
代词、语气词等。
形态变化分为三种形式
内部形态(internal form) :前缀,后缀 附加形态(additive form) :-s; ’s; -er; -ing 外部形态(external form): shall/will+ V;
译者还必须树立“大语篇观”的思想(居祖 纯),就是说,“译者翻译任何语篇时,必须 有对该语篇的文化、历史、现状等有较好或者 是粗浅的了解;理解正着手翻译的原文的全部, 甚至局部、片段时,译者都要运用这一知识, 因为所需翻译的原文涉及的有时不只是该短篇 文字字面上所涉及的点滴知识,而且还会旁及 使用该国文字的国家的上下数百年乃至数千年 的文化积淀,以及当前的社会现状”
形合与意合·例3
知彼知己,百战不殆;不知彼而知己,一胜一 负;不知彼不知己,每战必殆。
(若)知彼(而又)知己,(则)百战不殆; (若)不知彼而知己,(则)一胜一负; (若)不知彼(而又)不知己,(则)每战必 殆。
You can fight a hundred battle without defeat if yoou will win one battle and lose one battle if you know yourself but leave yourself in the dark about the enemy. You will lose every battle if you leave both the enemy and yourself in the dark.(刘宓庆 1991:159转自 于潘文国2002:336)
形合与意合·例1
1. 不看不相信,一看铁了心。 (比较:如果不看,你不会相信,一旦看了,你就会下决
心。) 2. 汤姆突然病了,没能来,我们只好请你顶他。 (比较:因为汤姆突然病了,所以他没能来,因而我们只
好请你顶他。)
1. If you don’t see it , you won’t believe, but once you do, you’ll make up your mind.
have/has + Ved
形式词
a. 介词(preposition) b. 连接词语(connective words):关系代词(副
词)(relative pronoun)和连接词(conjunction) who, whom, whose, that, which, where, why,
and/or/but, when, if, although, because, unless c. 冠词(article):a, an, the d. 连接副词(conjuncts): firstly, finally,moreover,
英语的意合
B.以时间顺序和逻辑顺序意合成的句子 Be quick, you will be there on time.快点,你能