现在完成时(一)◆构成现在完成时由“助动词have / has +动词的过去分词”构成。
其中，动词过去分词的构成有规则构成和不规则构成两类。
规则动词过去分词的构成和其过去式的构成相同，如：return→returned，raise→raised，stop→stopped，study→studied等。
不规则动词的过去分词需要大家牢记，具体参见课本P136—P137。
【温馨提示】不规则动词的过去式和过去分词因词而异，但部分不规则动词仍可遵循一些“规则”。
如下表：◆用法现在完成时可表示过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果。
如：I have lost my key. (结果：因此无法进屋)◆标志词现在完成时常与already，yet，before，just，ever，never等连用。
·already意为“已经；早已”，常用于肯定句中，通常放在助动词之后，行为动词之前，有时也放在句末；yet意为“尚；还”，常用于否定句和疑问句中，通常放在句末。
含有already的肯定句变否定句或疑问句时，要将already变为yet，并置于句末。
如：The rain has already stopped.→The rain hasn’t stopped yet.→Has the rain stopped yet?·before意为“以前”，常放在句末。
如：They have never visited the fire station before.·just意为“刚刚；刚才”，ever意为“曾；曾经”，never意为“从来没有”，它们通常放在助动词之后，行为动词之前。
如：David has just gone.Have you ever talked to him about it?I have never broken my word.◆各种句式结构·肯定句：主语+have / has+动词的过去分词(+其他).如：I have washed my car.·否定句：主语+haven’t / hasn’t+动词的过去分词(+其他). 如：I haven’t washed my car.·一般疑问句：Have / Has+主语+动词的过去分词(+其他)?肯定回答：Yes, 主语(人称代词)+have / has.否定回答：No, 主语(人称代词)+haven’t / hasn’t.如：—Have you washed your car?—Yes, I have. / No, I haven’t.现在完成时(二)have / has been to & have / has gone to◆“主语+have / has been to+地点名词”表示“某人曾经去过某地”，暗含的意思是某人现在已经回来了，不在那里了。
如：I have been to the art museum.我曾经去过那个美术博物馆。
(表示我现在不在美术博物馆，已经回来了。
)◆“主语+have / has gone to+地点名词”表示“某人已经去某地了”，暗含的意思是某人现在不在说话现场。
如：Mike has gone to London. 迈克去伦敦了。
(表示他现在还没有回来，可能在去的途中，也可能在目的地或在返回的途中。
)【温馨提示】1. have / has been to常与ever, never, once, twice, how many times等连用。
如：My sister has been to the Palace Museum twice.2. have / has gone to常用于含有sb. is out, sb. isn’t in (...)等暗含某人不在说话现场的语境中。
如：Mr. Miller is out. He has gone to the train station.3. 当have / has been to 中的to后为表示地点的副词there, here, abroad等时，to 要省略。
如：I’d like to go to the zoo, although I have been there many times.◆现在完成时的持续型用法现在完成时还可表示过去某一时间开始并一直持续到现在(包括“现在”在内)的动作或状态，该用法中的动词多是延续性动词，常见的时态标志词有since和 for。
1. since意为“自从……以来”，它既可作介词，也可作连词。
作介词时，后接表示过去的时间点，表示某事开始的时间；作连词时，引导时间状语从句，从句常用一般过去时。
如：Mr. Miller has lived here since five years ago.I have had the dictionary since I was ten.2. for作介词，后接一段时间，表示一个动作或一种状态已经持续了多长时间。
如：Miss Green has taught in the village for three years.Kate has been here for two hours.注意：1. 对since和 for引导的时间状语提问时，常用how long。
如：I have worked here for two years. (对划线部分提问)How long have you worked here?2. 在现在完成时中，含有for和since的句子可以相互转换。
如：Mary has been in Beijing for two days.=Mary has been in Beijing since two days ago.3. 在现在完成时中，表示短暂意义的动词(如come和see)在肯定句和一般疑问句中不能和表示一段时间的时间状语连用，但在否定句中是可以的。
如：Bill has come here for an hour. (×)I haven’t seen Kate for three years. (√)4. It has been / It’s +时间段+since从句(一般过去时). 表示“自从……以来，有多长时间了。
”如：It has been / It’s two years since my brother went to college.◆短暂性(短语)动词与延续性(短语)动词和与表示状态的短语之间的转化1. 有些短暂性(短语)动词可转化为相应的延续性(短语)动词。
常见的有：become → be borrow → keep buy → have / owncatch a cold → have a cold come → stayput on → wear go to sleep → sleepget to know → know move to → live in2. 有些短暂性(短语)动词可转化为表示状态的短语。
常见的有：leave → be away begin / start → be ondie → be dead finish → be overjoin → be in / be a member offall asleep → be asleep marry → be marriedcome / arrive here → be hereExercise【运用】Ⅰ. 写出下列动词的过去分词1. listen __________2. read __________3. study __________4. decide __________5. find __________6. teach __________7. write __________ 8. stop __________9. finish __________ 10. cut __________Ⅱ. 句型转换1. —Have you seen that film? (作肯定回答)—__________, __________ __________.2. —Has Susan traveled to the US? (作否定回答)—__________, __________ __________.3. My parents have visited the museum. (改为一般疑问句)__________ your parents __________ the museum?4. David has already told me the news. (改为否定句)David __________ __________ me the news __________.5. I have drunk some coffee. (加入just改写句子)I __________ __________ __________ some coffee.6. 你们曾经去过加拿大吗？__________ you __________ __________ __________ Canada?72. 我去过这个城市三次。
__________ __________ __________ the city three times.8. 我最好的朋友从未去过电影博物馆。
My best friend __________ __________ __________ __________ a film museum.9. Mr. Miller不在家，他去火车站了。
Mr. Miller isn't at home. He __________ __________ __________ the train station.10. 你父母去上海了吗？__________ your parents __________ __________ Shanghai?11. Susan has been a volunteer for protecting animals for three years.(对划线部分提问) __________ __________ has Susan been a volunteer for protecting animals?(2018 甘肃天水) 12. Mary has been in Beijing for two days. (改为同义句)Mary __________ __________ in Beijing __________ two days ago.13. The movie began two hours ago. (改为同义句)The movie __________ __________ __________ __________ two hours.14. The old man died last year. (改为同义句)The old man __________ __________ __________ __________ a year.15. I moved to the city ten years ago. (改为同义句)__________ __________ __________ ten years __________ I moved to the city.Ⅲ. 单项选择1. Sarah __________ many places of interest in Beijing already. (2018 辽宁沈阳)A. visitedB. has visitedC. will visitD. visits2. Frank hasn't heard from his brother __________. He is worried.A. stillB. alreadyC. evenD. yet3. —Have you cleaned the house __________?—No, I haven't. I'll go on to do it after a short rest.A. everB. yetC. just4. —__________ you __________ your drawing?—Not yet. I'll finish it in a few minutes.A.Will; finishB. Do; finishC. Have; finished5. —Where is your father?— He isn't at home. He __________ Zhijiang.A. has gone toB. has been toC. have been to (2018 湖南怀化)6. I __________ to the West Lake four times, but I will go there again this summer.A. have goneB. have beenC. wentD. had gone (2018 四川德阳)7. —Paris is a wonderful place.—So it is. I __________ there twice.A. have beenB. have goneC. wentD. will go (2018 四川凉山州)8. —Where is Mr. Brown?—He __________ Australia. He __________ there last year.A. has been to; has beenB. has been to; has goneC. has gone to; wentD. went; went (2018 贵州铜仁)9. —Have you ever been to South Tower Park?—Yes. I __________ there a few months ago.A. wentB. have beenC. have gone (2018 湖南郴州)10. —Lucy, is your uncle a teacher?—Yes, he is. He __________ history for nearly 20 years.A. teachesB. has taughtC. is teachingD. will teach (2018 北京)11.The film Operation Red Sea _________ a lot of praise (赞扬) since its first show months ago.A. winsB. wonC. will winD. has won (2018 上海)12. —Do you still play basketball?—Oh, no. I __________ it for the past two years.A. haven't playedB. didn't playC. won't playD. hadn't played (2018 湖北武汉)13. —What do you think of your junior high school life?—It __________ some sweet memories in my heart in the past three years.A. leaveB. leftC. has leftD. will leave(2018 云南曲靖) 14. —__________ has the 2018 World Cup been on?—For about two weeks.A. How soonB. How farC. How long (2018 海南)15. —__________ have you talked with your friends on WeChat?—Since I finished my homework.A. How farB. How oftenC. How soonD. How long (2018 山东莱芜)16.—Your new watch is so nice! When did you buy it?—In April. I __________ it for two months.A. have hadB. hadC. have boughtD. bought(2018 湖北黄冈) 17. —Are you a basketball player in your school?—Yes, I __________ the team 3 years ago. I __________ in it for 3 years.A. joined; wasB. was joined; amC. have joined; have beenD. joined; have been (2018 四川眉山)。