3.He needn't have been waiting in the rain.
一，基本助动词
be 1. be通常用来协助主动词构成进行体和被动态 I am listening to a Beethoven symphony
The students were praised by the principle
Example 1.The fish is fresh from water.You don’t have to smell it 2.The milk is going bad.It smells 3.This dish smells delicious
3，按词汇意义分：动态动词，静态动词 一，动态动词
第10讲
动词和动词词组
动词分类（一）
1，按其在动词词组中所起的作用分：主动词和助动词
主动词: 又叫实义动词，能独立作句子谓语成分 简单动词词组 复杂动词词组 基本助动词：be,do,have
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助动词
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情态助动词 can,could,may,might,will,would,shall,should,need, must,dare,dared,ought to,used to
The new lamp gave us more light
2.有些及物动词在一定上下文中既要带宾语，也要带状 语
I put the book on the shelf
二，不及物动词
1.不及物动词之后不带宾语，但有些不及物动词在一定上下 文中须带状语，否则意义完全不同
Example 1.The president is speaking
补充：（4）AAB beat （5）ABA become come run
beat
beaten
became came ran
become come run
•Verb's grammatical forms: •Tense（时）:it is the verb form that shows time distinction. •Aspect（体）:it is the verb form that shows motion or process is in what state in a certain time. •Voice（态）:it is the verb form that shows active or passive relationship between subjects and predicate verbs. •Mood（式）:it is the verb form that is used to distinguish speakers in what tone of voice. •Tense（时）：过去时 现在时 将来时 •Aspect（体）： •Progressive Aspect进行体 •Perfective Aspect完成体
Examples: 1.I have to buy a new car. 2. You will have to sell your house.
2.按是否须跟有补足成分以及须跟什么样的补足成分分
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及物动词 不及物动词 连系动词
一，及物动词 1. 及物动词后须带宾语，有些可带双宾语,
John is playing cricket
表示肉体感觉的动词，如ache, feel ,hurt等，用于进行体或非进行体均 可，含义不变。 Examples: 1.My foot aches/ is aching. 2.I don't feel/ am not feeling very tired.
动词分类（二）
一，单词词组和动词词组
词组动词
She doesn't hear very well. 4.表示心理或情感状态的动词，如assume, believe, consider, detest等 We understood your difficulty.
注意:
如果静态动词（stative verb)用于进行体(progressive aspect)，则变为动 态动词（dynamic verb). Examples: =is acting foolishly 1.He is being foolish. =is bringing great injury to us 2.This mistake is costing us dearly. 3.Be quiet. I'm thinking. =giving thought to a problem
（2）AAA cast cast cast hit hit hit put put put set set set spread spread spread 此外还有cut,fit,hurt,let,read,cost,shut等
（3）ABB bend bent bent creep crept crept deal dealt dealt flee fled fled mean meant meant dig,catch,hang,hold,find,sit,pay,win,meet,feel等同此用法
表持续动作的词 例：drink, eat, fly, play，rain,read,run,sit等 表改变或移动的词 例：arrive, become, change, come，get,go,leave 表短暂动作的词 例：hit, jump, kick, open, close，put,shut,knock等
二，限定动词和非限定动词
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限定动词
限定形式
非限定动词
非限定形式
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现在时 过去时 不定式 现在分词 过去分词
三，规则动词和不规则动词 大多数动词的过去时和过去分词都是在原形之后加词尾-ed构 成，这类动词叫规则动词，其他则归为不规则动词 不规则动词的几种类型： （1）ABC（即原形，过去时，过去分词） arise arose arisen break broke broken ring ran run steal stole stolen begin began begun
半助动词:have to,seem to,be about to,be due to, be going to ,be meant to,be meant to,be supposed to等.
Examples: 1.The workers received a raise last year.
2.They have been taking music lessons.
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Examples:
1.He works at a chemical factory.
表持续动作 表持续动作 表改变 表短暂动作
2.They were talking about the house.
3.Winter is here. The leaves of the trees are turning yellow. 4.The old man stops at a house and knocks at the door.
do 1. do通常用来协助主动词表示否定意义或构成疑问句 My wife doesn’t know Russian Do you agree with me?
2.do用来加强语气，起强调作用
You do look well 3.do用作代词
---Do you like Beijing?
---Yes,I do (do代替like Beijing) 4.构成否定祈使句时，只用do，而不用does 和did Don’t be so absent-minded
二，静态动词 1.用作主动词的be和have(作“有”解）： We have friends all over the world. 2.含有静态动词be,have意义的动词，如apply to, belong to, differ from, cost, weigh等。
This rule applies to (=is applicable to)everyone. 3.表示感觉的动词， 如feel, hear, see, smell等
5.do用作实义动词，译为“做”
Jane was doing the dishes when her mother came back
have
1.have通常用来协调主动词构成完成体或完成进行体 Joan has seen that movie I have been working here for 20 years
Examples: 1.He couldn't account for his long absence from school. 2.The place blow up when it was hit by a missile. 3.I don't want to come down with the flu again.
•Examples:
•I speak Chinese, but now I am speaking English.
•2.I have taught English for 20 years.
•Voice(语态）：
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•Active Voice主动态•→Active Sentence主动句
2.Frank cheats at poker
三，连系动词
1.连系动词之后带主语补语
Example
1.That sound like a good idea
2.The fish smells awful
补充：（1）状态系动词：be （2）持续系动词：keep,remain,stay,rest,lie,stand等 （3）表象系动词：seem,appear,look等 （4）感官系动词：fell,smell,sound,taste等 （5）变化系动词：become,grow,turn,fall,get,go, come,run 等 （6）终止系动词：prove,turn out等 注意：有一些动词具有跨类现象，既能作及物动词，也能作不及物 动词和联系动词，常见的有smell,become,prove,taste,stay