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山东大学工程化学答案

第一章 化学反应原理1.今有一密闭系统,当过程的始终态确定以后,下列各项是否有确定值?Q , W , Q -W , Q +W , ΔH , ΔG答: Q +W , ΔH , ΔG 有确定值,Q , W , Q -W 无确定值。

2.下列各符号分别表示什么意义?H ,ΔH ,ΔH θ,Δf θ298H (B ),θ298S (B ), Δf θ298G (B )答:H :焓;ΔH :焓变;ΔH θ:标准焓变;Δf θ298H (B ):298K 时B 物质的标准生成焓;θ298S (B ):298K 时B 物质的标准熵; Δf θ298G (B ):298K 时B 物质的标准生成吉布斯函数。

3.下列反应的Q p 和Q V 有区别吗? (1)2H 2(g)+O 2(g)=2H 2O(g) (2)NH 4HS(s)=NH 3(g)+H 2S(g) (3)C(s)+O 2(g)=CO 2(g)(4)CO(g)+H 2O(g)=CO 2(g)+H 2(g) 答:(1)、(2)有区别。

4.已知下列热化学方程式:(1)Fe 2O 3(s)+3CO(g)=2Fe(s)+3CO 2(g);Δθ298H =-27.6kJ/mol ;(2)3Fe 2O 3(s)+CO(g)=2Fe 3O 4(s)+CO 2(g);Δθ298H =-58.6kJ/mol ; (3)Fe 3O 4(s)+CO(g)=3FeO(s)+CO 2(g);Δθ298H =38.1kJ/mol ; 不用查表,计算下列反应的Δθ298H :(4)FeO(s)+CO=Fe(s)+CO 2(g)解:[(1)×3—(2)—(3)×2]/6=(4)Δθ298H (4)=[(-27.6)×3—(-58.6)—38.1×2]/6=—16.72(kJ/mol )5.查表计算下列反应的Δθ298H :(1)Fe 3O 4(s)+4H 2(g)=3Fe(s)+4H 2O(g) (2)4NH 3(g)+5O 2(g)=4NO(g)+6H 2O(l) (3)CO(g)+H 2O(g)=CO 2(g)+H 2(g) (4)S(s)+O 2(g)=SO 2(g) 解:(1) Fe 3O 4(s) + 4H 2(g) = 3Fe(s) + 4H 2O(g)Δf θ298H —1118.4 0 0 —241.82Δθ298H =4×(—241.82)+1118.4=151.12(kJ/mol )(2) 4NH 3(g) + 5O 2(g) = 4NO(g) + 6H 2O(l)Δf θ298H —46.11 0 90.25 —285.83Δθ298H =6×(—285.83)+4×90.25+4×46.11=—1169.54(kJ/mol )(3) CO(g) + H 2O(g) = CO 2(g) + H 2(g)Δf θ298H —110.52 —241.82 —393.5 0Δθ298H =(—393.5)+110.52+241.82=—41.16(kJ/mol )(4) S(s) + O 2(g) = SO 2(g)Δf θ298H 0 0 —296.83Δθ298H =—296.83(kJ/mol ) 6.查表计算下列反应的Δθ298H :(1)Fe(s)+Cu 2+(aq)=Fe 2+(aq)+Cu(s) (2)AgCl(s)+I -(aq)=AgI(s)+Cl -(aq) (3)2Fe 3+(aq)+Cu(s)=2Fe 2+(aq)+Cu 2+(aq) (4)CaO(s)+H 2O(l)=Ca 2+(aq)+2OH -(aq) 解:(1) Fe(s) + Cu 2+(aq) = Fe 2+(aq) + Cu(s)Δf θ298H 0 64.77 —89.1 0Δθ298H =—89.1—64.77=153.9(kJ/mol )(2) AgCl(s) + I -(aq) = AgI(s) + Cl -(aq)Δf θ298H —127.07 —55.19 —61.84 —167.16Δθ298H =—167.16—61.84+127.07+55.19=—46.74(kJ/mol )(3) 2Fe 3+(aq) + Cu(s) = 2Fe 2+(aq) + Cu 2+(aq)Δf θ298H —48.5 0 —89.1 64.77Δθ298H =2×(—89.1)+64.77+2×48.5=—16.43(kJ/mol )(4) CaO(s) + H 2O(l) = Ca 2+(aq) + 2OH -(aq)Δf θ298H —635.09 —285.83 —542.83 —230Δθ298H =—2×230—542.83+635.09+285.83=—81.91(kJ/mol ) 7.查表计算下列反应的Δθ298S 和Δθ298G :(1)2CO(g)+O 2(g)=2CO 2(g) (2)3Fe(s)+4H 2O(l)=Fe 3O 4(s)+4H 2(g) (3)Zn(s)+2H +(aq)=Zn 2+(aq)+H 2(g) (4)2Fe 3+(aq)+Cu(s)=2Fe 2+(aq)+Cu 2+(aq) 解:(1) 2CO(g) + O 2(g) = 2CO 2(g)θ298S 197.56 205.03 213.64Δf θ298G —137.15 0 —394.36Δθ298S =2×213.64—2×197.56—205.03=—172.87(J ·K -1·mol -1) Δθ298G =2×(—394.36)+2×137.15=—514.41(kJ/mol )(2) 3Fe(s) + 4H 2O(l) = Fe 3O 4(s) + 4H 2(g)θ298S 27.28 69.91 146.4 130.57Δf θ298G 0 —237.18 —1015.5 0 Δθ298S =4×130.57+146.4—3×27.28—4×69.91=307.2(J ·K -1·mol -1) Δθ298G =(—1015.5)+4×237.18=—66.38(kJ/mol )(3) Zn(s) + 2H +(aq) = Zn 2+(aq) + H 2(g)θ298S 41.63 0 —112.1 130.57Δf θ298G 0 0 —147.03 0 Δθ298S =130.57—112.1—41.63=—23.16(J ·K -1·mol -1) Δθ298G =—147.03(kJ/mol )(4) 2Fe 3+(aq) + Cu(s) = 2Fe 2+(aq) + Cu 2+(aq)θ298S —315.9 33.15 —137.7 64.77Δf θ298G —4.6 0 —78.87 65.52 Δθ298S =64.77—2×137.7—33.15+2×315.9=388.02(J ·K -1·mol -1) Δθ298G =65.52—2×78.87+2×4.6=—83.02(kJ/mol ) 8.已知反应 4CuO(s)=2Cu 2O(s)+O 2(g) 的Δθ298H =292.0kJ/mol, Δθ298S =220.8J ·K -1·mol -1,设它们皆不随温度变化。

问:(1)298K 、标准状态下,上述反应是否正向自发?(2)若使上述反应正向自发,温度至少应为多少?解:(1)Δθ298G =292.0—298×220.8×10—3=226.2(kJ/mol )>0, 不自发(2)须ΔθT G =292.0—T ×220.8×10—3<0T >1322.5(K)9.对于合成氨反应:N 2(g)+3H 2(g)=2NH 3(g),查表计算: (1)298K 、标准状态下,反应是否自发?(2)标准状态下,反应能够自发进行的最高温度是多少?设反应的ΔH 和ΔS 不随温度变化。

(3)若p (N 2)=10p θ,p (H 2)=30p θ,p (NH 3)=1p θ,反应能够自发进行的温度又是多少?设反应的ΔH 和ΔS 仍不随温度变化。

解: N 2(g) + 3H 2(g) = 2NH 3(g)θ298S 191.5 130.57 192.5 Δf θ298H 0 0 —46.11Δθ298S =2×192.5—3×130.57—191.5=—198.21(J ·K -1·mol -1)Δθ298H =—2×46.11=—92.22(kJ/mol )(1)Δθ298G =—92220+298×198.21=—33.15(kJ/mol )<0,自发(2)须ΔθT G =—92220+T ×198.21<0T <464(K)(3)须ΔT G =—92220+T ×198.21+3230101ln 314.8 T <0T <979(K)10.已知 CaCO 3(s)=CaO(s)+CO 2(g) 的Δθ298H =178.4 kJ/mol, ΔSθ298 =160.5J ·K -1·mol -1。

试计算CaCO 3(s)在空气中(CO 2体积分数为0.033%)开始分解的近似温度。

解:须ΔT G =178400—160.5T +θθp p T 00033.0ln 314.8<0 ,T >785(K)11.写出下列各反应平衡常数K θ的表达式(不计算):(1)2NO(g)+O 2(g) 2NO 2(g) (2)C(s)+H 2O(g) CO(g)+H 2(g) (3)HAc(aq) H +(aq)+Ac -(aq) (3)Pb(s)+2H +(aq) Pb 2+(aq)+H 2(g) 解:(1)θθθθ⋅=p p p p p p K /)O ()/)NO (()/)NO ((2222 (2)θθθθ⋅=p p p p p p K /)O H ()/)H (()/)CO ((22 (3))HAc ()Ac ()H (c c c K -+θ⋅=(4))H ()Pb ()/)H ((222++θθ⋅=c c p p K12. 973K 时,反应:CO(g)+H 2O(g) CO 2g)+H 2(g) 的K θ=1.56,问:(1)973K,标准状态下,反应是否自发?(2)若p (CO 2)=p (H 2)=1.27×105Pa,p (CO)=p (H 2O)=0.76×105Pa,反应是否自发? 解:(1)θθ-=K RT G ln ∆=—8.314×973ln1.56=—3597<0,自发(2)2276.027.1ln 973314.83597ln ⨯⨯+-=+=θQ RT G G ∆∆=4709>0,不自发13.已知N 2O 4(g) 2NO 2(g)的Δθ298G =4836 J/mol 。

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