1. A word is _______ of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function.A. a minimal free formB. a smallest meaningful unitC. an element which can not be further analyzedD. a grammatically minimal form2. Which of the following statements is Not correctword can be formed by two free morphemesword can be formed by a free morpheme and a bound morphemeword can be formed by two bound morphemesword can be formed by any two affixes.$3. The symbolic connection of a word to a particular thing is almost always _______________.A. logicalB. arbitraryC. inherentD. automatic4. In different languages, the same concepts can be represented by different sounds, which shows __________.relationship between sound and meaning can not be established.are different logical relations between sound and meaningrelation between sound and meaning is a matter of conventionconcepts are not really the same5. The pronunciation of a language has changed more ______ than spelling over the years.A.systematicallyB. arbitrarilyC. logicallyD. rapidly1. The Indo-European language family consists of________.#A. all the languages in Europe and IndiaB. all the languages in India and some languages in Europe.C. most of the languages of Europe, the Near East, and India.D. Some of the languages of Europe and all the languages of the Near East2. The prehistoric Indo-European parent language is thought to be ______.A. A highly inflected language.B. A highly developed language.C. A very difficult language.D. A language of leveled endings.3. The Eastern set of Indo-European language family includes such languages as _____.A. Polish, Welsh and HindiB. English, French and RussianC. German, Persian and IrishD. Armenian, Albanian and Bulgarian；4. The Germanic family consists of the four European languages: __________.A. Slovenian, Czech, Romany and ItalicB. Norwegian, Icelandic, Danish and SwedishC. Scottish, Irish, Welsh and BretonD. Portuguese, Italian, English and German5. _________ only made a small contribution to the English vocabulary.A. LatinB. CelticC. DanishD. Spanish6. The first peoples known to inhabit what is now England are ________.A. Anglo-SaxonsB. French speaking NormansC. CeltsD. Jutes7. English is more closely related to ____________.A. German than French.B. French than German#C. Welsh than GermanD. Irish than Dutch8. The most important mode of vocabulary development in present-day English is the creation of new words by means of _______.A. translation-loansB. semantic loansC. word formationD. borrowings9. Old English vocabulary was in essence ________ with a small quantity of words borrowed from Latin and Scandinavian.A. CelticB. GermanicC. RomanD. Irish10. English has evolved from ___________.A. an analytic language to a synthetic languageB. a Celtic language to a British languageC. analytic language to a less inflectional language—D. a synthetic language to an analytic language1. The relationship between the word-form and meaning is ____. Most words can be said to be___.A. prescriptive, motivatedB. prescriptive, non-motivatedC. arbitrary, motivatedD. arbitrary, non-motivatedof the following is incorrectA. “airmail” means “mail by air”B. “reading-lamp” means “lamp for reading”C. “green horn” is the horn green in colorD. “hopeless” is “without hope”3. ____ explains the connection between the literal sense and triturative sense of the word.A. Etymological motivationB. Onomatopoetic motivationC. Morphological motivationD. Semantic motivation、4. Now people use “pen” for any writing tool though it originally denotes “feature”. This phenomenon can be explained by____ .A. etymological motivationB. onomatopoetic motivationC. morphological motivationD. semantic motivationis the meaning given in the dictionary and forms the core of word-meaning.A. Grammatical meaningB. Denotative meaningC. Associative meaningD. Connotative meaning6. When readers come across the word “home” in reading, they may be reminded of their family, friends, warmth, safety, love. That is because of the “home” has ______.A. collocationsB. connotationsC. denotationsD. perorations7. “Domicile, residence, abode, home” are almost the same in conceptual meaning, but differ mainly in___.A. connotative meaningB. affective meaningC. collocative meaningD. stylistic meaning、8. ____ vary from individual to individual, from culture to culture, from generation to generation, from society to society.A. Connotative and affection meaningsB. Connotative and collcational meaningsC. Affective and collocational meaningsD. Affective and stylistic meanings9. “Pretty and handsome”, “tremble and quiver” differ mainly in their _____ meanings.A. affectiveB. collocativeC. stylisticD. denotativeword“treacle”has the following senses: (1)wild beast; (2)remedy for bites of venomous beasts;(3)antidote for poison or remedy for poison; (4)any effective remedy; (5)(BrE)molasses. What semantic process has“treacle”undergoneA. centralizationB. radiationC. concatenationD. narrowinggroup of the following are perfect homonymsA. dear (a loved person)—deer (a kind of animal)B. bow (bending the head as a greeting)—bow(the device used for shooting)*C. bank(the edge of the river)—bank (an establishment for money business)D. right (correct)—write (put down on paper with a pen)following are the main sources of homonyms except ____.A. change in meaningB. change in sound C .change in spelling D. borrowing4.“Charm and glamour”，“ranch and ran”are two pairs of synonyms resulting from___.A. borrowingB. dialects and regional EnglishC. figurative and euphemistic use of wordsD. with idiomatic expressions5.“win”and “gain the upper hand”，“hesitate”and“be in two minds”are two pairs of synonyms resulting from ____.A. coincidence with idiomatic expressions.B. figurative and euphemistic use of words.C. dialects and regional English.D. borrowing>1. The part of a piece of writing or speech which surrounds a word and helps to explain its meaning is called _____.context contextcontext context2. In a broad sense, extra-linguistic context includes________.order3. From the phrase “ a white paper”, we know that the meaning of the word “paper” here is “document”. This shows that the _______ context can defi ne the meaning of a word.A. extra-linguisticB. grammaticalC. lexicalD. situational4. The meanings of a word may be influenced by the structure in which it occurs. The structure in which the word in question appears can be called ____D____ context.5. In a narrow sense, context refers to ________ in which a word appears.？A. the words B clauses C. sentences D. All of the above6. The extra-linguistic context many extend to embrace _______.A. grammatical contextB. lexical contextC. cultural contextD. linguistic context.7. In different countries, “trade union” can be interpreted in different ways. This means that _______ may have a defining influence on the meaning of an expression.A. linguistic contextB. collocation of wordsC. a compound word or a phraseD. cultural background8. The words that occur together with the word in question are often termed as____.A. grammatical contextB. compound wordsC. lexical contextD. situational contextthan one variant, which can realize some morphemes according to the position in a word, are termed .-A. phonemesB. allomorphsC. morphsD. phones2. In the words "recollection, idealistic, and ex-prisoner", "re-, -ion, -ist, -ic, ex-, and -er" are .A. prefixesB. suffixesC. free morphemesD. bound morphemes3. is that part of the word that carries the fundamental meaning but has to be used in combination with other morphemes to make words.A. Free rootB. Bound rootC. MorphemeD. Bound morpheme4. Affixes attached to the end of words to indicate grammatical relationships are known as .A. morphemesB. derivational morphemesC. inflectional morphemesD. suffixes5. is the basic form of a word, which can't be further analyzed without total loss of identity.A. StemB. RootC. MorphemeD. Affix6. A may consist of a single morpheme as in "iron" or of two morphemes as in a compound like "handcuff".,A. stem, root, rootB. root, stem, stemC. stem, stem, rootD. root, root, stem1. The new words produced from shortening including clipping and acronyms amount to of all the new words.A. 30% to 40%B. 28% to 30%C. 8% to 10%D. 1% to 5%2. is defined as the formation of words by adding word-forming or derivational affixes to stem. This process is also known as .A. derivation, affixationB. affixation, derivationC. derivative, affixationD. affixation, derivative3."De-, dis-, un- ," in "de-compose, disunite, unwrap", are called .A. pejorative prefixesB. negative prefixesC. reservative prefixesD. miscellaneous prefixes4. "Hyper-, macro-, mini-, sub-, super-, ultra-", belong to .:A. prefixes of orientationB. prefixes of attitudeC. prefixes of degree or sizeD. prefixes of time and order5. belong to pejorative prefixes.A. anti-, contra-, counter-, pro-B. auto-, neo-, pan-, vice-C. de-, dis-, un-D. mal-, mis-, pseudo-6. "Pan-European" means .A. for EuropeB. against EuropeC. the whole of EuropeD. former Europe7."Profiteer, engineer, priestess, kitchenette, booklet " are called .A. concrete deverbal nounsB. concrete denominal nouns"C. abstract denominal nounsD. abstract deverbal nouns8. "Productivity, happiness, largeness" fall into the group of .A. Deverbal nounsB. Denominal nounsC. De-adjective nounsD. De-adverb nouns9. belong to deverbal suffixes.A. -able, -iveB. -ly, -wardC. -ate, -enD. -ful, -less,10. When we use "a green hand " to mean "an inexperienced person", "a black horse" to mean "an unexpected winner", we should read them as .A. a green 'hand, a 'black horseB. a 'green hand, a 'black horseC. a green 'hand, a black 'horseD. a 'green hand, a black 'horse11. Sometimes, the meaning of a compound can be inferred from its separate elements, for example, .A. hot dogB. red meatC. flower potD. fat head"12. The following can be changed into plural forms by adding inflectional -s directly to their ends, except .A. brother-in-lawB. three—year-oldC. major generalD. new-born13. The meanings of many compounds and derivatives are the total of thecombined.A. morphsB. allomorphsC. rootsD. morphemes14. Which group of the following are the noun compounds acceptable in EnglishA. breakout, downfall, intake, downslideB. outbreak, three-leg, outcry, breakthroughC. runaway, hangover, going-over, upbringingD. stockholder, brainstorming, deadline, easy-going.15. Which group of the following are the adjective compounds acceptable in EnglishA. far-reachng, forth-coming, air-conditioning, on -going.B. ten-story, five-leg, moon-walk, wading bindC. deaf-mute, bitter-sweet, one-eyed, air-conditionedD. proof-reading, mass production, warweary, stone-hearted16. Which of the following statements is falseA. Conversion refers to the use of words of one class as that of a different class.B. Words mainly involved in conversion are nouns, verbs and adverbs.C. Partial conversion and full conversion are concerned with adjectives when converted to nouns.D. The conversion between nouns and verbs may involve a change of stress.!17. Which group of the following is partially converted when used as nounsA. poor, young, affluent, drunkB. poor, corrupt, rich, affluentC. poor, newly-wed, drinkable, whiteD. white, final, native, liberal18.“Omnibus, earthquake, discotheque” are replaced by “bus, quake, disco” respectively in the way of .A. conversionB. clippingC. acronymD. backformation19. Which group of the following are acronymsA. VOA, AIDS, BASIC, D-DayB. CORE, Laser, TEFL, NATOC. G-man, BBC, BASIC, NATOD. TV, ID, TB, UFO20. The most productive means of word-formation in modern English are the following except .A. compoundingB. affixationC. acronymD. conversion)ⅠAccording to the given meaning, Choose the proper form of the English idiom from the four alternative answers.A. till cows come homeB. till the cows come homeC. till bulls come homeD. till the bulls come homein thoughtA. in a brown studyB. in a red studyC. in a green studyD. in a dark studyonly in words, not in factA. mouth serviceB. lip serviceC. brain trustD. mind trustcertainlyA. sure as egg is eggB. sure as a egg is a eggC. sure as eggs are eggsD. sure as eggs is eggsA. in the airB. in the openC. in the rawD. in the strawuseless and unwanted but big and costlyA. white elephantB. dark elephantC. white horseD. dark horseimportant and essential partA. might and mainB. bag and baggageC. sum and substanceD. part and parcelfrom continuous useA. fair and spareB. toil and moilC. wear and tearD. kith and kinmember thought to be a disgrace in the familyA. black sheepB. a dark horseC. gray mareD. white elephant（all difficulties and troublesA. through high and lowB. through thick and thin C .from head to foot D. from start to finishⅡEach of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the best one. the following idioms, which one is nominal in nature as far as syntactic function is concerned.and blood and soul and nail and lowspeaking,idioms are expressions that are not readily understandable from their of individual elements.meaning meaning meaning meaningstructure of an idiom is to a large extent .of the aboveof synonyms is called .5. refers to idioms in which the name of one thing is used for that of another associated with it.D Metonymymeaning of the idiom black bottle is .drinkthat is black in color bought in an illegal wayfigure of speech is applied in the following idioms "the salt of the earth"; "snake in the grass".#is the mother of success, in the idiom, is used.of the following idioms means things of little valueand means and ends of dust tire,deletion,replacement,dismembering,etc. are _____ .manipulation features of speech of idiomsbrooms sweep clean,wash one dirty linen in public is first used by ____ .ⅢSay whether the following statements are true or false.each consist of more than one word, but lots of them function as one word.meaning of idioms always have logical relationship with the literal meaning of individual words. constituents of an idiom cannot be changed ,not even one article.structural stability is absolute in actual use.speaking,most idioms are either formal or informal.<each idiom is a semantic whole,each can be replaced by a single word.the idioms that function as adjectives consist of adjectives.large proportion of idioms were first created by working a result,most of them are now still confined to limited group of people engaged in the same trade or activity.numbers of idioms are used in their metaphorical meaning.metonymy and synecdoche involve substitution of names,yet they differ from each another. position of certain constituents in some idioms can be shifted without any change in meaning. some cases,idioms can be broken un into pieces to achieve special effect.idioms are peculiar to the native culture and language, many images created by them are expressive, effective and impressive even to foreign learnersdog is called a “dog” because the sound and the three letters that make up the word automatically suggest the animal in question.word is a smallest meaningful unit that has a sound unity and a grammatical function.—written form of a language is the written record of the oral form, therefore the written form agrees with the oral form.is a term that can only be used to refer to the total number of words in a language.F1. English language is the language of the early inhabitants of the British Isles.T2. Old English was a language of full endings while Middle English was one of leveled endings.T3. Modern English began with the establishment of printing in England.F4. In modern English period, borrowing is no longer an important channel of vocabulary expansion.T5. In earlier stages of English, French, Latin, Greek and Scandinavian were the major contributors to the expansion of English vocabulary.F6. The beginning of the Middle English Period was marked by the Norman Conquest whichbrought many Latin words into the English language.T7. In the Middle English period, Wycliff and Shakespeare made great contributions to the elevation of the social status of the English language.F8. Old English has a vocabulary of about 20,000 to 90,000 words.@F9. Now people generally refer to Anglo-Saxon as Modern English.language made great contributions to the expansion of the English vocabT 1. Compounds and derived words are multi-morphemic words, and the meaning of many are the sum total of the morphemes combined.F 2. By morphological motivation, we mean that a meaning of a particular word is related to its origin.F 3. Functional words have both lexical meaning and grammatical meaning.T 4. Grammatical meaning refers to the part of speech, tenses of verbs and stylistic features of words.F5. In many cases the appreciative or pejorative meaning of the words are produced out of context.F1. A rule of word-formation is usually identical with a syntactic rule.rules themselves are not fixed but undergo changes to a certain extent.F3. Affixes like “-th”are very productive in cu rrent English.~F4. The chief function of prefixes is to change the word class of the stems.F5. The primary function of suffixes is to change the meaning of the stem.F6. Compounds are words formed by combining affixes and stems.F7. “-age, -al, -ance, -ation, -ence”in “linkage, dismissal, attendance, protection, existence” can produce largely concrete nouns by being added to verb stems.F8. The meaning of a compound is usually the combination of stems.F9. The free phrase has the primary stress on the first element and the secondary stress, if any, on the second.F10. In both compounds and free phrases the adjective element can take inflectional suffixes.F11. Conversion is only a change of grammatical function of a lexical item with no loss of its different range of meaning originally conveyed.F12. A fully converted noun from an adjective has all the features of nouns except taking an indefinite article or, -(e)s to indicate singular or plural number.F13. Generally, conjunctions, modals, finit e verbs, prepositions can’t be converted to nouns.T14. Although blends and backformed words have already achieved popularity in English, they are not advisable to be used frequently in formal writing.F the semantic process of concatenation, the meanings are independent of one another, but can be traced back to the central meaning.T 2. Synonyms share a likeness in denotion as well as in part of speech.T 3. “Empty and vacant”are synonyms mainly different in application.T 4. “Male/female, present/absent”are contrary terms.T 1. Meaning lives in context and the context defines meaning.F 2. We can always tell the meaning of a word before it is used.T 3. Without context, there is no way to determine the very sense of the word that the speakerintends to convey.T 4. Non-linguistic situation can often exercise a greater influence on the meaning of words than we actually realize.F 5. The Meaning of the word is often affected and defined by the neighbouring words, which shows the importance of situational context in which language is used.T 6. Sometimes the immediate context does not contain adequate clues for the interpretation of the meaning.F 7. With the help of a dictionary, we can know the meaning of the referents. This means that the referents can be indicated without knowing the actual situations in which, say, a pronoun is used.F 8. Because word structure is a context clue, we can always work out the meaning of a word if we know the structure of a word.F1. A word is the smallest unit of a language which stands alone to convey meaning.F2. Allomorphs usually occur at random, because they are not phonetically conditioned and unpredictable.T3. We might as well say free morphemes are free roots.F4. Words made up of only bound morphemes are rare in English.F5. In English, bound roots are either Latin or French.。