• 沉默呵，沉默呵！不在沉默中爆发，就 在沉默中灭亡。--《纪念刘和珍君》
• Silence! Silence! Unless we burst out, we shall perish in this silence!
1. 2. 2 主语必须是句中应该突出的信息
1. 这次国家调动了 160 万军队去帮助守护大堤， 将被洪水淹没地区的百姓迁走。 1.6 million troops have been mobilized to help protect the dikes and to move people out of areas being flooded．
Determining the Subject of a Sentence
主语的选择
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
钱你不用还了。 这锅饭能吃十个人。 这匹马骑着两个人。 被人缠上是件讨厌的事儿。 老子打儿子, 天经地义。 上面坐着主席团。 从她那儿能找到解决问题的办法。 说的是古代的一个老头，名叫愚公。
七大主要英语的主语
1. 施动主语 (agentive subject)： Susan is growing flowers． 2. 受动主语 (affected subject)： Her books translate well． 3. 工具主语 (instrumental subject)： A stone broke the glass． 4. 地点主语 (locative subject): The jar contains h重主题的语言”(topic-prominent language) ，是话题评论式的。 汉语：话题+评论/说明 英语是“注重主语的语言”(subject-prominent language )。英语的主谓是施事行为式的。 英语：主语（施事者或受事者）+谓语（行为）
1. 这时我激动得说不出话来。 Words failed me here. More examples: ① 我昨天收到你的信。 Your letter reached me yesterday. ② 我一时记不起他的名字。 His name escaped me.
2. 不同的人对退休持不同的态度。 Attitudes towards retirement vary from person to person． 3. 她从来没想到他是个不诚实的人。 It never occurred to her that he was a dishonest man. 4. 我害怕起来了，而且越来越害怕。 Then fear set in and commenced to build up．
• 方鸿渐看大势不佳，起了恐慌。洗手帕， 补袜子，缝纽扣，都是太太对丈夫尽的 义务。自己凭什么享受这个权利呢？
• The whole situation with Miss Su made him feel uneasy. Washing handkerchiefs, mending socks, and sewing on buttons— these were the little chores a wife perform for her husband. On what basis was he enjoying these privileges?
5. 大多数高校已将权利下放给系主任。 In most colleges and universities，the decision-making rights have been given to department heads． 6. 明年将出版更多的儿童读物。 More books for children will be published next year．
必有主语，但以动词为核心，主谓间互相制约
汉语主语（被陈述的话题）
• 汉语主语是谓语说明的对象，可以是名词、代 词、数词、量词，或者动词短语、主谓短语等， 如：
• • • • • • • 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 这本杂志我不看了。 那边正在卖冰激凌。 西瓜吃完了。 小和山顶上开了一家酒吧。 这么快就挂了？ 那个班的同学，十有八九是德国人。（外位语） 这些教材我们自学很容易。
给国家纳税是天经地义的事。 It is only right and proper that we should pay taxes to the state.
1． 1
汉英主谓结构的差异
“（主谓）这种句子(即使把被动的动 作也算进去,把‘是’也算进去)的比例是 不大的,也许比50%大不了多少。因此,在 汉语里,把主语、谓语当作话题和说明来看 待,比较合适。” —— 赵元任《汉语口语语法》
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
6.
7. 8.
You don’t have to pay it back/repay the money. This pot of rice can feed ten people. On the horse were riding two people. It is annoying to be pestered/troubled. It is perfectly justified for a father to beat his own son. On the platform were sitting the members of the presidium. We can turn to her for a solution. The story is about an old man named Yugong in ancient times.
1． 2
主语选择的原则
① 无主句必须添加必要的主语 ② 必须是句中应该突出的信息； ③ 必须符合英美人的思维视角； ④ 必须符合英语的逻辑搭配习惯； ⑤ 必须符合行文连贯的需要。
1. 2. 1
无主句翻译，添加必要的主语
1. 起大风了。 It is blowing hard. 2. 改革开放胆子要大一些，要敢于试验。 When it comes to reforms and opening-up, we must be courageous enough to venture on experiments． 3. 北静王笑道：名不虚传，果然如“宝”似“玉”。 “ You live up to your name,” remarked the prince． “You are really 1ike precious jade.”
4. 上海采取了一系列的优惠政策来吸引 外资。 A series of preferential policies have been adopted in Shanghai to attract foreign capital． 5. 有心栽花花不开，无心插柳柳成荫。 A carefully bedded flower may not blossom while a casually planted willow may survive and thrive.
汉语中用地名、时间、工具作主语很普遍
1. 昨晚抓住了三个小偷。 Three thieves were caught last night. 2. 一把菜刀闹革命。 His revolution started with a kitchen knife.
3. 校园东头盖了一栋房。 A house has been built on the east of the campus.
5. 得第一名获金牌，第四名什么也拿 不到
Whoever comes first wins a gold medal but anyone who comes fourth
gets nothing.
• 6 不要有了新亲，把旧亲忘个干净！这种 没良心的人我见多了！--《围城》
• Once you have new relatives, don’t forget the old ones. I’ve seen too many such ungrateful people.
中国人在表达思想时十分注意主体意识， 常以有生命的、具体的名词或代词作主语， 多用主动语态和无主句。有时主语虽省略， 主体意识仍然强烈，读者容易体会到。如： 找工作处处碰壁，搞得我心乱如麻。 MY jobhunting has failed again and again and it made me terribly upset.
7. 热烈欢迎世界各地客商来此建立和发 展贸易关系。 Customers all over the world are warmly welcomed to establish and develop business contacts with us．
1. 2. 3 主语必须符合英美人的思维视角
2. 人们已把李白的诗集译成了多种外国文字。 The collection of Li Bai’s poems has been translated into many foreign languages． 3. 到去年年底，上海已与好几个国家签订了 建造拉索桥的合同或协议。 By the end of last year，contracts or agreements were signed with some countries for the construction of chain bridges in Shanghai．
英美人则较强调客观，注重客观事物对人的影 响和作用，因此无生命、抽象的名词作主语远 比汉语中多。英语这类非人称主语句采用“无 灵主语” (inanimate subject)，表示抽象概念、 心理感觉、事物名称或时间地点等，但谓语却 常常使用“有灵动词” (animate verb)，表示人 或社会团体的动作和行为，如 see ， find ， bring ， give ， escape ， surround ， kill ， deprive ， seize ， send ， know ， tell ， permit ， invite ， take ， drive ， prevent. . . from等。