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Lecture 10汉译英谓语的处理

Lecture 10 汉译英中谓语的处理一.汉英语言谓语的差异1.英语谓语的基本特征1)英语谓语必须以动词为基础和核心,除了动词,任何其它次类都不能取代谓语动词这个主体成分。

2)英语谓语动词和主语必须一致认,即concord(或agreement,指动词的形式和主语的人称和数必须一致)。

构成英语主谓一致这一规范的原则包括:A.语法原则(Grammatical Principle)例:Trousers often bag at the knees.裤子常在膝盖处松垂得像个袋子。

B.逻辑原则(Logical Principle)例:Half the boys are here.(可数)Half the vehicle has been damaged.(不可数)C.靠近原则(Principle of Proximity)谓语动词的人称和数可以与最靠近它的词语取得一致。

例:Not only the students but the teacher objects to the plan.例:Either my children or I am going.D.惯用法原则(Principle of Idiomaticness)例:There is more than one opinion in this case.例:Five times eight is forty.例:Only one out of five were present.2.汉语谓语的独立性、自足性较强所谓“独立性”,指谓语可以不受主语人称与数的支配,保持形态上的“原形”。

所谓“自足性”,指汉语的谓语不必非与主语搭配,不论有没有主语,谓语本身的句法功能自能显现。

就以上两点而言,汉语谓语远强于英语。

3.汉语谓语构成成分复杂多样汉语谓语不必是动词性的,很多词类都可以充当谓语。

汉语中可以构成谓语的词统称谓词,分为三大类:动词性谓词形容词性谓词代词性谓词例:诚招天下客。

(招:动词)Honesty wins over wider patronage. (patronage: customers’support for a shop, restaurant, etc.)例:这种行为很不道德。

(不道德:形容词)This conduct is immoral.例:你们厂里情况怎么样?(怎么样:不定代词)What do you think of your factory?例:七月二十二日她生日。

(她生日:名词词组)July 22 is her birthday.例:老秤一斤十六两。

(十六两:数量词组)Sixteen “liang”makes one “jin”by the old system of weights.例:那个侦探足智多谋。

(足智多谋:联合词组)The detective is very resourceful.例:河畔草青青。

(青青:修饰语)The grass is green by the riverside.二.汉译英中谓语转换的对策1.对应汉译英中谓语对应式翻译的情况并不少见,在公文、经贸、科技文体中尤其如此。

其得以实现的依据是人类感知的共性,这种共性使思维——语言形式获得了同构。

例:中华文明历来注重以民为本。

The Chinese civilization has always given prominence to the people.例:耶鲁大学是中美教育合作的先行者。

Yale is a forerunner in Sino-US educational exchanges.2.调整例:令行禁止Orders and prohibitions are made to be enforced.(语态调整)例:包袱放不下,工作就搞不好。

The load must be taken off your mind before you can work well.(语态调整)例:红脸好唱,白脸不好唱。

Positive characters are easy to be performed while the negatives ones difficult.例:纪律松懈The discipline is weak.(词类调整)例:银根奇紧Money is getting tighter and tighter. (词类调整)3.补充汉语缺乏形态标定,句子可以非常简约(或缺主,或缺谓,或主谓皆缺)。

这就迫使我们添词补义,从汉语原文中引出主谓来。

例:“说我?那当然,过去够意思。

可以把人逗得如痴如醉。

如今,变了,不是我,是人。

喜怒哀乐天天变。

”(“你说的是我吗?那当然,我过去是够意思的。

我可以把人逗得如痴如醉。

如今,情况变了。

不是我变,而是人变了:人们的喜怒哀乐天天在变。

”)“You mean me? Well, yes, I think I could make people dance to my tune. But today it’s another story. It’s not me but otherswho have changed. People’s moods change everyday.”三.汉译英中谓语的处理由于缺乏形态标记,汉语动词在句子中占明显优势。

许多汉语句子中包括多个谓语动词。

而英语动词由于所受约束多,在句子中不占优势。

除少数并列句外,大多数英语句子只包含一个谓语动词,其他动态语义由动词的分词、不定式等非谓语形式表达,或由其他词类替代。

1.汉语连动谓语句的翻译连动谓语指在同一主语下,谓语部分由两个或两个以上的动词构成。

这两个或多个谓语可以表现出并列、从属或链接等关系。

在翻译汉语的连动谓语句时,首先要判断原句谓语动词结构关系,并选择响应的英语连接词、不定式、分词、介词短语、副词等词汇或语法手段进行英译。

A.并列式连动句英译比较简单,一般情况下,两个或多个谓语动词按时间顺序先后出现,译成英语时只需加上并列连接词and,or,then等;或者采用融合的方法,力求动态对应。

例:看一步,走一步wait and see例:大吃大喝eat and drink to one’s heart’s content例:刷牙洗脸上床睡觉brush one’s teeth, wash oneself and go to bed例:丢人现眼(融合)make a fool of oneself例:动手动脚(融合)get fresh with somebody例:他每天都是会客赴宴。

He receives visitors and attends dinner parties as a routine.但对于那些看似并列的谓语形式要多加小心,按时间顺序并列出现的汉语谓语动词在英译时只需一个谓语动词,其他动词以分词或不定式的形式表达。

例:他们设法吸引大家,留住他们,使他们充分发挥才能。

They seek to attract, retain and develop other people to their full abilities.例:我批上衬衫,带上门,悄悄离开了。

Putting on my shirt, I left the room quietly, leaving the door closed.例:我站在他旁边,手指放在按钮上,等候命令。

I stood by him, my finger on the button, waiting for the order.例:总裁一读报告,就铁青着脸,带着我急冲冲地朝工厂赶去。

On seeing the report, the president became livid with rage and hurried to the workshop accompanied by me.课堂练习:1.他特别喜欢吃面条,一天三顿也不厌。

He loved noodles and was never tired of them.B.从属式连动句汉语连动谓语句动词之间可以存在多种逻辑关系,如条件、目的、方式、对象等。

这些关系很难从动词形式上判断,其逻辑关系取决于语义判断。

例:你做完作业就回家吧。

(条件关系)You may go home as soon as you finish your homework.例:他每天早上都开窗换气。

(目的关系)He opens the window to let in the fresh air every morning.例:被警察用枪指着,劫匪只有举手投降了。

(方式关系)Being aimed at by the police, the robber had to put up his hands to surrender.例:你找我干什么?(对象关系)What do you ask me for?课堂练习:1.我知道多少就告诉你多少。

I will tell you as much as I know.2.我今天早起赶头班车。

I got up early today to catch the first bus.3.她从来不用筷子吃饭。

She never uses chopsticks when dining.4 她的丈夫是某酒店的点心师,每天清晨4点便起床上班。

(pastry cook)Her husband was a pastry cook working for a hotel. Every morning he had to get up at four o’clock to go to work.C.链接式连动句这是较为复杂的谓语连动形式。

它是指同一主语按一定顺序或逻辑关系实施多个行为的结构。

此类机构结构英译的关键,仍然是确定一个或两个动词为谓语动词,其他部分用分词、不定式、介词短语、从句等结构表达。

例:她请假坐飞机回家探亲去了。

She has asked for a leave to go home by air to see her family.例:咱们哪天打电话约个时间见面谈谈好吗?Why don’t we fix an appointment over the phone to meet for a chat some time?例:每星期天一早,从七点开始,人们就起身上馆子,边喝茶,边吃早饭,边和朋友聊天。

On Sunday people in Guangzhou are up since 7 o’clock and are already chatting with friends while sipping tea and having breakfast in resturuants.课堂练习:1 我放下笔,三步两步奔到厨房。

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