文化的多元化与全球化
在最近的一次学术会议上，费孝通先生曾经讲过这么四句话：“各美其美，美人之美，美美与共，天下大同”，我以为这就是所谓文化多元的很好的表述，讲得更简单一点，也可以用《论语•子路》所载孔子的一句名言：“和而不同”。
事实上就其原意而言，“和而不同”这个古训在我们的先人那里也确实是就个人之间的价值多元而言的。
包括孔子在内的古代先贤在“华夷之辨”这类“文化间”问题上一般都主张以华化夷，很少人有华夷价值平等的主张。
“和而不同”本是主张华夏内部各种学派、思潮、观点和价值偏好应当“各美其美”，真正爱好中国文化的人不会不知道这一点！在这个意义上，文化多元化就意味着“自由优先于文化”。
有人说自由只是“西方传统”，其实，如果所谓自由传统是指类似哈耶克等人写的大部头著作，那么在西方人为自由而斗争的时候，他们也没有；如果是指人类对自由的一种本能的追求，那么这是普世相通的。
因此在全球“一体化”的阴影下，提倡“和而不同”的原则，促进文化的多元发展，加强人与人之间的理解与宽容，开通和拓宽各种沟通的途径，也许是拯救人类文明的惟一希望。
当前，人类面临着一个重大问题：在世界经济一体化，科技标准化，媒体传播全球化的大趋势下，人类几千年来创造的文化的多样性和丰富性是否有可能得以幸存并得到发展？多元的文化生态是否可以得到保护和保存？每当历史转折关头，人们总习惯于回归自己的文化源头，去寻找新的途径。
目前，尊重差别已成为许多人的共识。
意大利著名思想家和作家恩贝托·埃柯在1999年纪念波洛尼亚大学成立900周年大会的主题讲演中提出，欧洲大陆第三个千年的目标就是“差别共存与相互尊重”。
他认为“人们发现的差别越多，能够承认和尊重的差别越多，就越能更好地相聚在一种互相理解的氛围之中”。
由此可见，无论是为了维护一个多元文化的和谐社会，还是为了认知方式本身发展的需要，重视“差异”，坚持“和而不同”原则都是一个十分重要的问题。
但要真正做到这一点却并不容易，主要障碍来自当前盛行的两种思潮：第一种思潮是全球主义意识形态，包括普遍主义、新雅各宾主义、新保守主义等；第二种思潮则包括绝对民族主义、文化相对主义、文化孤立主义等。
In a recent academic conference, Mr. Fei Xiaotong once said so four sentences: "its beauty, of beauty, of sharing the United States and the United States, the world Datong" I think this is the so-called multicultural good representation, speakingmore simply, and can also be used to set Confucius Analects Zi Lu "famously:" different ".
In fact, the purpose of the original intent, "and different" The old saying in our ancestors indeed between individuals in terms of the value of the yuan. The ancient sages Confucius including Hua Yi "kind of" cultural "issue generally advocated in China of barbarians, few equal the value of Hua Yi advocate. "And the" advocate the China internal various schools of thought, thoughts, views and value preferences should "each of its beauty" true love Chinese culture does not know it! In this sense, cultural pluralism means "freedom takes precedence over culture.
Some people say that freedom is the only Western tradition, in fact, if the so-called liberal tradition refers to similar tomes written by Hayek et al, then the the Westerners struggle for freedom, they did not; human freedom ifpursuit of an instinct, then this is a universal interlinked.
Under the shadow of the global "integration" advocate "and different" principles, to promote the development of cultural diversity, strengthen understanding and tolerance between people, opening and broadening the variety of ways to communicate, and perhaps save mankind
the only hope of civilization.
Currently, mankind is faced with a major problem: mankind for thousands of years to create cultural diversity and richness of world economic integration, technology standardization, media globalization trend, whether there is likely to survive and develop? Diverse cultural ecology can be protected and preserved? Whenever the historical turning point, people always used to return to their own cultural source to find new ways.
Currently, respect for diversity has become the consensus of many people. Italy famous thinkers and writers En Beituo • Aike raised in the keynote speech to commemorate the 900 anniversary of the General Assembly the University of Bologna was founded in 1999, the goal of the third millennium of the European continent is "the difference between coexistence and mutual respect". He believes that "it was discovered that the difference is more able to recognize and respect the difference, the more they can get together in an atmosphere of mutual understanding among the better".
This shows that the needs of the harmonious society in order to maintain a multicultural order cognitive development, emphasis on "difference", insist on a different principle is a very important issue. But truly it is not easy, mainly from two trends prevailing obstacles: a kind of thought is a global ideology, including universalism new Jacobinism, neo-conservatism; second thought include absolute nationalism, cultural relativism, cultural isolationism.。