非谓语动词非谓语动词是指那些在剧中不能单独充当句子位于成分的动词形式。
基本形式有四种：不定式（infinitive）、动名词（gerund）、分词（participle）、和独立主格结构（absolute structure）。
一、不定式动词不定式是非谓语动词中使用最广泛的一种，在句子中，它除了做谓语外，可以担当其他任何成分，可以做主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、补语。
它在句中其名词、形容词举例：It isn’t cold enough for there to be a frost tonight, so I can leave Jim’s car out quite safely.He seems to be eating something.According to your market report, demand seems to be returning.The local health organization is reported to have been set up twenty-five years ago when Dr. Audio became its first president.不定式的语法功能：1) 作主语The traditional rule was that it’s safer (to stay where you are), but that’s been f undamentally inverted. The people who’ve been hurt the worst are those who’ve stayed too long.2) 作宾语Most journalists learn to see the world through a set of standard templates (patterns) into which they plug each day’s events.He feels it his duty to help others.3) 作表语But almost all have ignored the big, profitable opportunity in their own backyard: the wholesale food and drink trade, which appears to be just the kind of market retailers need.4) 作定语Tom made the decision to go around the world in three years all alone.She has the ambition to learn other languages.The pressure to compete causes Americans to be energetic, but it also puts them under aconstant emotional strain.5) 作状语A sad thing about life is when you meet someone and fall in love, only to find out in the end that you have wasted years on someone who wasn’t worth it.6) 作补语The man was seen to fall heavily to the ground and never get up again.注：使役动词如make、let、have等以及感官动词hear、see、feel、watch、notice等之后所加的不定式要省略to，但是在被动语态中不可省略。
例如我们说see sb play on the ground，但被动态中我们说sb is seen to play on the ground。
不带to的动词不定式1. 在do…but/except结构中，当but或except前有实义动词do的某种形式时，后接不带to的动词不定式。
The train is late, and I can do nothing but wait.比较：There was so serious a matter that I had no choice but to call in the police.2. 在had better, would rather/sooner…than…, rather…than, would just as soon, might just aswell, cannot (help) but…等之后都必须接动词原形。
Tom cannot but ask his supervisor to help him solve the difficulty he has encountered in doing the project.3. 在do far more than后面不定式省略to。
In the course of a day students do far more than just attend classes.4. 在感官动词或使役动词，如hear, listen to, feel, see, look at, watch, notice, observe, perceive,let, make, bid, have, note, leave等之后，不定式作宾语补足语时不带to。
She felt someone pat her on the head.for + 名（代）词+ 不定式It’s just inconceivable for a child to do that job.That is for you to decide.It’s time for us to go.He stood aside for her to pass.不定式的完成式：1. 不定式的一般式to do不能表示发生在谓语动词之前的动作，若要表达此意，需用to havedoneAlbert Einstein, the great American scientist, is estimated to have had the incredible IQ of 200.2. 表示非真实的过去，本打算做但实际上没有实现的动作，如mean, intend, think, plan, hope,wish, purpose, would/should like, was/were等。
I meant to have telephoned, but I forgot.I planned to have visited you last night, but I was too busy.I was to have visited you last night.I was to have telephoned, but I forgot.二、动名词举例：Working with a personal search agent means having another set of eyes looking out for you.There is no sign that Mr. Jospin, who keeps a firm control on the party despite having resigned from leadership of it, would intervene personally.以主动态表被动义：deserve, need, require, want, bear, take(需要), stand(忍受), worth等。
The method deserves recommending.Your hair needs cutting.That novel is not worth reading.动名词的语法功能：1) 作主语Home appliances will also become so smart that controlling and operating them will result in the breakout of a new psychological disorder – kitchen rage.2) 做宾语The trend in sports, though, may be obscuring an unrecognized reality: Americans have generally stopped growing.3) 作表语The high cost of raw materials is keeping prices up.Wasting time is robbing oneself.4) 作定语Astrophysicists working with ground-based detectors at the South Pole and balloon-borne instruments are closing in on such structures, and may report their findings soon.动名词的复合结构：名词属格或物主代词+ 动名词Sophia’s having seen them did not surprise us.It’s no use your trying to deceive me.I can’t bear his staying up so late.Excuse my interrupting you.三、分词现在分词：动词原形+ing过去分词：动词原形+edBuilding on the basic truth about interpersonal influence, the researchers studied the dynamics of social influence (by conducting thousands of computer simulations of populations), manipulating a number of variables relating to (p eople’s ability to influence others and their tendency to be influenced).现在分词与过去分词区别现在分词与动名词的区别：1）现在分词是动词的一种非限定形式，主要起形容词和副词的作用，在句子中做定语、表语、状语，有时也用在复合结构中。