英汉工程地质学专业词汇(与双语教学讲义Engineering Geology 配套使用)黄雨选编同济大学地下建筑与工程系2009.10编写说明为了配合同济大学土木工程专业工程地质学双语教学改革的需要，我们于2009年，从F.G. Bell所编著的Engineering Geology(Second edition 2007)及Tony Waltham所编著的Foundations of Engineering Geology(Second edition 2001)两本书中选编了与工程地质学关系较密切的部分专业词汇，以英汉对照的形式刊出，便于学生使用。
以求对学生在双语教学课堂和课后学习时有所帮助。
使用过程中若发现不当之处，欢迎多提批评和建议，以便及时补充更正。
编者2009年10月ContentsChapter 1 Introduction....................................................................................... ..1 Chapter 2 Rock Types and Stratigraphy .. (1)Chapter 3 Geological Structure (4)Chapter 4 Soil Engineering Properties and Classification (5)Chapter 5 Groundwater (7)Chapter 6 The main engineering geology problems in civil engineering (8)chapter 7 In-situ test (10)Chapter 8 Site investigation (10)Chapter 1 Introduction Engineering geology 工程地质学engineering practice 工程实践geomorphology 地貌学structural geology 构造地质学sedimentology 沉积学petrology 岩石学stratigraphy 地层学Chapter 2 Rock Types and Stratigraphy earth crust 地壳the mantle 地幔the core 地核Mineral 矿物Rock 岩石Igneous rock 岩浆岩Sedimentary rock 沉积岩Metamorphic rock 变质岩Luster 光泽Streak 条痕Cleavage 解理Fracture 断裂Mohs’ Scale of Hardness 莫氏硬度计Talc 滑石Gypsum 石膏Calcite 方解石Fluorspar 萤石Apatite 磷灰石Orthoclase feldspar 正长石Quartz 石英Topaz 黄玉Corundum 刚玉Diamond 金刚石Pyrite 黄铁矿Hematite 赤铁矿Dolomite 白云石Olivine 橄榄石augite 普通辉石Pyroxene 辉石Amphibole 闪石Hornblende 角闪石Plagioclase 斜长石anorthite 钙长石potash feldspar 钾长石Mica 云母Muscovite 白云母Biotite 黑云母silica minerals 硅氧矿物felsic 长英矿物mafic 铁镁质矿物Kaolinite 高岭石Montmorillonite 蒙脱石Illite 伊利石Garnet 石榴子石Chlorite 绿泥石Serpentine 蛇纹石Magma 岩浆Batholiths 岩基Stock 岩株Lopolith 岩盆Sill岩床Dyke岩脉Vein纹理Lense 透镜体Plutonic rock深成岩Hypabyssal rock 浅成岩Acidic igneous rocks 酸性岩Intermediate igneous rocks 中性岩Basic igneous rocks 基性岩Ultrabasic igneous rocks 超基性岩leucocratic rock 浅色岩mesocratic rock 中色岩melanocratic rock 暗色岩hypermelanic rock 深暗色岩degree of crystallinity 结晶度crystal 晶体phenocryst 斑晶Holocrystalline 全晶质Holohyaline 全玻璃质(非晶质) massive structure 块状构造rhyotaxitic structure 流纹状构造vesicular structure 气孔状构造amygdaloidal structure 杏仁状构造Merocrystalline 半晶质granular texture 粒状构造granular texture 等粒结构Inequigranular texture 不等粒结构Porphyritic texture 斑状结构Cryptocrystalline 隐晶质Phanerocrystalline 显晶质Granite 花岗岩Pegmatite 伟晶岩Syenite 正长岩Diorite 闪长岩Gabbro 辉长岩Peridotite橄榄岩Pyroxenite 辉岩Porphyrite 玢岩Porphyry 斑岩Diabase 辉绿岩Rhyolite 流纹岩Trachyte 粗面岩Andesite 安山岩Basalt 玄武岩Pumice 浮岩lithify （使）岩化consolidation 固结作用cementation胶结作用component 成分classification 分类sediment 沉积物detrital sediment 碎屑沉积fragments of rock 岩石碎片volcanic ash 火山灰Clay mineral 粘土矿物aluminium silicate 硅酸铝hydrophilicity 亲水性plasticity可塑性dilatability 膨胀性Organic substance 有机物质size analysis 粒级分析Grading curve 级配曲线Conglomerate 砾岩Breccias 角砾岩sand stone 砂岩Siltstone 粉砂岩Mud stone 泥岩Shale 页岩Bed 岩层Chemical rock 化学岩Biochemical Rock 生物化学岩Stratum (pl. strata) 岩层Bedded 成层的Bedding 层理horizontal bedding 水平层理oblique bedding 斜层理cross bedding 交错层理graded bedding 粒级层理Stratigraphic 地层学的Bedding planes 层面Formation 组Deposit 堆积，沉淀Clastic Rock 碎屑岩Recrystallization 重结晶作用Metamorphism 变质作用metacryst texture变晶结构palimpsest texture变余结构porphyroblast 斑状变晶tabular structure 板状构造phyllitic structure千枚状构造schistose structure片状构造gneissic structure片麻状构造dynamic metamorphism 动力变质作用contact metamorphism 接触变质作用regional metamorphism 区域变质作用mountain chain 山链Directional pressure 定向压力Brecciation角砾岩化cataclasis 碎裂作用mylonitization 糜棱岩化Mylonite糜棱岩Slate 板岩Cleavage 解理Schistosity 片理Foliation 叶理Gneiss 片麻岩Marble 大理岩Quartzite 石英岩Stratification 分层Geological time 地质时期Absolute Dating绝对年龄测定Radiometric dating同位素年龄测定Relative dating相对年代测定Stratigraphic correlation method地层对比法Law of Superposition地层层序律fossil 化石index fossil 标准化石time unit 地质年代单位Geological Time Scale地质时标eon 宙Pre-Cambrian time 前寒武纪Phanerozoic time 显生宙Era 代Period 纪Epoch 世Age 期Erathem 界System 系Series 统Cenozoic新生代Mesozoic中生代Palaeozoic古生代Quaternary第四纪Tertiary第三纪Holocene全新世Pleistocene更新世Chapter 3 Geological Structure Geological structure 地质构造Deformation 变形rock failure 岩石破裂Tectonic process 构造运动Discontinuity 不连续horizontal structure 水平构造Inclined structure 倾斜构造crustal movement 地壳运动vertical movement 垂直运动outcrop 岩层露头occurrence 产状dip 倾向dip angle 倾角True dip 真倾角apparent dip 视倾角strike 走向geological survey 地质勘探geological compass 地质罗盘Fold 褶皱Syncline 向斜Anticline 背斜Hinge 枢纽Limb 翼Hinge line 枢纽线Axial plane 轴平面axial surface 轴面Fold axis 褶轴Inter-limb angle 翼间角symmetric fold 对称褶皱asymmetric fold 不对称褶皱overturned fold 倒转褶皱recumbent fold 平卧褶皱Monoclinal fold 单斜褶皱Isoclinal fold等斜褶皱Fan fold扇状褶皱Horizontal fold 水平褶皱Plunging fold倾伏褶皱Dome 穹庐composite fold 复合褶皱drag fold 拖曳褶皱terrain 地形crest 脊tectonic basin 构造盆地fracture 断裂fault 断层joint 节理residual stress 残余应力structural fracture 构造裂隙tensile fracture 张性裂隙shear fracture 剪切裂隙external force 外力Joint rose map节理玫瑰花图Fault plane 断层面Fault dip 断层倾角Fault strike 断层走向Footwall下盘Hanging wall 上盘Fault scarp 断层崖Fault line 断层线Hade 断层倾角Fault distance 断距normal fault 正断层reverse fault 逆断层strike-slip fault走向平移断层Triangular facet 断层三角面active fault 活性断层fault zone 断层带Horst 地垒Graben 地堑Slickenside 断层擦面Fault breccias 断层角砾岩conformity 整合Unconformity 不整合disconformity 假整合angular unconformity 角度不整合Rock Mass 岩体structural plane 结构面Porosity 孔隙度Deformation 变形Elasticity 弹性Plasticity 塑性modulus of elasticity 弹性模量Poisson’s ratio泊松比transverse strain 横向应变axial strain 轴向应变Rock strength 岩石强度Compressive strength 抗压强度Unconfined Compression Test 无侧限抗压试验Tensile strength 抗拉强度Direct Pull Test 直拉试验Shear strength 抗剪强度triaxial compression test三轴压缩试验internal friction 内摩擦角mud crack 泥裂ripple mark 波痕Joint number in one cubic meter 体积裂隙数Over consolidated 超固结Chapter 4 Soil Engineering Properties andClassificationSoil 土tri-phase soil 三相土Solid particle 固体颗粒grain size 粒径mean diameter, average grain diameter 平均粒径effective diameter, effective grain size, effective size 有效粒径grain size distribution 粒度分布Grain composition 颗粒组成Boulders 块石，漂砾Cobbles 粗砾Gravel 砂砾Sand 砂Silt 粉砂Clay粘土gradation test级配筛分试验semi-logarithmic scale半对数标度Grading curve 级配曲线Coefficient of Uniformity 不均匀系数Coefficient of Curvature,曲率系数well-graded 分选性好poorly graded 分选性差Primary mineral 原生矿物Secondary minerals 次生矿物Soluble salt 可溶盐类Organic materials 有机物质Soil Water 土壤水soil gas 土壤气体single-grained structure 单粒结构flocculent structure 絮状结构honeycomb structure蜂窝结构void ratio 孔隙比compactionness 密实度relative density, density index相对密度compressibility 压缩性coefficient of consolidation 压缩系数liquid limit 液限liquidity index 液性指数Plasticity index 塑性指数shrinkage limit 缩限weight 重度Dry unit weight 干重度Saturated unit weight 饱和重度effective unit weight 有效重度density密度relative density 相对密度maximum dry density 最大干密度Water content 含水量optimum water content 最优含水量specific gravity比重degree of saturation饱和度Eluvial soils 残积土Slope deposits 坡积物Pluvial deposits 洪积物Alluvial soil 冲击土lake deposit 湖相沉积Wind deposit 风成沉积物Glacial deposit 冰川沉积Chapter 5 Groundwater Groundwater 地下水Aquifer 含水层Infiltrate 渗透Seepage 渗流seepage force渗透力seepage velocity渗流速度Capillary water 毛细水Gravity water 重力水Bound water, combined water, held water 结合水Crystal water 结晶水Surface tension 表面张力Capillary pressure 毛细压力Wetting angle 润湿角Hydrostatic pressure 流体静压力Uplift pressure浮托力Pore pressure 孔隙压力Hydrodynamic pressure 动水压力Permeability 渗透率Unconfined aquifer orWater-table aquifer 非承压含水层Recharge 补给Confined or artesian aquifer 承压含水层Artesian well 自流井Water content 含水量Specific retention 持水度Specific yield 给水度Porosity 孔隙度Coefficient of permeability 渗透系数Hydraulic conductivity 水力传导率Hydraulic gradient 水力梯度Darcy's law达西定律Isotropic 均质Homogeneous 各向同性suspended water 包气带水phreatic water 潜水confined water 承压水karst water 喀斯特水（岩溶水）fracture water 裂隙水Pore water 孔隙水perched water上层滞水spring 泉水outcrop of spring 泉水出露contact spring 接触泉overflow spring 溢出泉eroded spring 侵蚀泉well 井artesian spring 自流泉carbonate 碳酸盐Bicarbonate 重碳酸盐carbonic acid 碳酸calcium carbonate 碳酸钙magnesium carbonate 碳酸镁carbon dioxide 二氧化碳cation 阳离子sulphate 硫酸盐chloride 氯化物anion 阴离子solubility 溶解度compound 化合物Sodium salt 钠盐hydrogen sulphide 硫化氢organism 有机物Colloid 胶体Land subsidence 地面沉降Consolidation 固结Heterogeneous不均匀的Anisotropic 各向异性的Cone of depression降水漏斗Seepage failure 渗流破坏Piping 管涌seepage forces 渗流压力Quicksand 流沙flow net 流网Chapter 6 The main engineering geology problems in civil engineeringWeathering 风化作用physical weathering 物理风化chemical weathering 化学风化biological weathering 生物风化exfoliation 剥落parent rock 母岩coefficients of expansion 膨胀系数differential expansion不均匀[局部]膨胀Freeze–thaw action 冻融作用critical moisture content临界含水率oxidation 氧化作用hydration 水化作用hydrolysis 水解作用carbonation 碳酸化作用Solution 溶解作用Anhydrite 硬石膏River 河流Valley floor 谷底river bed 河床channel cross section河槽横断面river bank 河岸attrition 磨损corrasion 侵蚀corrosion 溶蚀meander 河曲alluvial flat 河漫滩oxbow lake牛轭湖river terrace 河流阶地tectonic valley 构造谷erosional valley侵蚀谷tectonic line 构造线master stream 主流lateral corrosion 侧向侵蚀vertical erosion 下切侵蚀accumulational terrace 堆积阶地erosional terrace 侵蚀阶地pedestal terrace 基座阶地Slope failure 边坡不稳Collapse 崩塌Landslide 滑坡shear failure 剪切破坏Sliding body 滑坡体slip surface 滑动面Slip zone 滑动带sliding bed 滑坡床Sliding cliff 滑坡后壁sliding terrace 滑坡台地Sliding tongue 滑坡舌Tension crack 拉张裂缝Shear cracks 剪切裂缝Retrogressive slide 牵引式滑坡Comprehensive treatment综合治理Drainage 排水Catch drain 集水沟Drainage channel 排水槽blind drain 盲沟retaining wall 挡土墙anti-sliding pile 抗滑桩anchoring bar (pin, rod) 锚筋（钉，杆）consolidation grouting 固结灌浆rockfall 岩崩limit equilibrium methods 极限平衡法Karst 喀斯特Lapie 岩沟Clint 石芽Funnel 漏斗corroded depressionpolje 溶蚀谷corroded plain.Sinkhole 落水洞karst cave 岩溶洞underground river 暗河natural bridge 天生桥stalactite钟乳石stalagmite 石笋denudation 剥蚀作用Vertical zoning 垂直分带Dissolution 溶解Scouring 冲刷Earthquake 地震Epicenter 震中earthquake focus 震源plutonic earthquake 深源地震shallow-focus earthquake 浅源地震strong motion earthquake 强烈地震submarine earthquake 海底地震tectonic earthquake 构造地震volcanic earthquake火山地震artificial earthquake 人工地震seismograph 测震仪tsunami 海啸Mercalli Scale麦氏震级Richter scale 里氏震级Footing 基础Foundation 地基Footing 基础foundation stability 地基稳定性natural foundation 天然地基artificial foundation 人工地基shallow foundations 浅基础deep foundations 深基础pile foundation 桩基础strip footing 条形基础ultimate bearing capacity极限承载力load intensity荷载强度allowable bearing capacity容许承载力liquefaction 液化sand boil 砂沸Underground engineering地下工程Overburden覆盖层Elevation 海拔Axis 轴线Hydrogeological condition水文地质条件Subgrade 路基cutting slope 路堑边坡Chapter 7 In-situ testIn-situ test 原位测试natural structure 天然结构natural moisture 天然含水量natural state of stress 天然应力状态Loading Test 静载荷试验plate loading test 平板载荷试验critical edge pressure 临塑荷载ultimate load 极限荷载deformation modulus 变形模量Coefficient of sub-grade reaction 基床反力系数P~s curve p-s曲线s~logt curve s-logt曲线Cone Penetration Test 静力触探试验piezocone penetration test 孔压静力触探penetrometer 贯入仪Standard Penetration Test 标准贯入试验penetration resistance贯入阻力blow count 击数sampling 取样sleeve 套筒Shear Vane Test 十字板剪切试验Chapter 8 Site investigation engineering geological investigation 工程地质勘查engineering geological profiles 工程地质剖面图bore histogram钻孔柱状图。