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Criteria in China
• 严复：信、达、雅
Faithfulness, Expressiveness and Elegance “Faithfulness” : full and complete conveying of the original content of thought;
The three counties underwent the fourth most serious natural disaster that plagued several provinces in China in the 1970s.
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Assignments
我的故乡是个坐落于山间的小村落。四周有青绿 的山峦和树木环绕，还有一条小溪穿流其间，那是孩 子们经常嬉戏的地方。村中的建筑物看来古老，却很 祥和。村落中央有个广场，那儿有一棵大树，常有老 人聚在树下喝茶、聊天，个个神色满足快乐，这也正 是村民的写照。我爱我的故乡，愿它永远美丽。
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1. What is translation?
The Oxford English Dictionary: to turn from one language into another. Webster‟s third New International Dictionary of the English Language: to turn into one’s own or another language.
faithfulness and smoothness 忠实与通顺
忠实，指1）忠实于原作的内容。不得篡改、歪曲、遗漏、 或任意增删。2）指保持原作的风格（民族风格、时代风格、 语体风格、作者个人的语言风格等）。
通顺，指译文语言必须通俗易懂，符合规范。没有逐词死 译、硬译的现象，没有晦涩难懂、结构混乱、罗辑不清的现象 。
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Topic 3 Prerequisites for a Translator
1. The Translator’s Bilingual Competence 2. A Broad Range and Scope of Our General
Knowledge (cultural and professional) 3. Capability of Effective Learning and Creativity 4. Political Consciousness 5. Highly-developed Sense of Responsibility 6. Translation Techniques
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• Eugene A. Nida:
Translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source-language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style.
• The translator is to produce as nearly possible the same effect on his readers as was produced on the readers of the original.
Criteria for daily translation
Lecture 1 Introduction to
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Contents
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• Definition of Translation
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• Criteria of Translation
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• Prerequisites of a translator
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1. What is translation? 2. Why do we learn translation? 3. How shall we learn translation?
“Expressiveness”: be clear and flowing; “Elegance” : the use of classical Chinese before the Han Dynasty.
Criteria in China
• 鲁迅: keep the full flavor of the original work. • 傅雷: spiritual conformity (similarity in spirit) • 钱钟书: sublimed adaptation (sublimation)
——中国译协会slation?
Bilingual knowledge
Bicultural knowledge
General Knowledge
practice
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Topic2 Criteria of Translation 翻译的标准
Topic2 Criteria of Translation 1） Criteria in China 2）Criteria abroad 3）Criteria for daily translation
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• 汉语功底要好，英语语言能力要强
Good English and Chinese proficiency
• 具有很强的阅读理解和鉴赏能力。 • 要掌握足够的词汇量。 • 要掌握系统的语法知识。 • 大量阅读原著，丰富语言知识，提高语感,拥有地道
的语言：语法意识（sense of grammar）、惯用法知 识（sense of idiomaticness）和连贯意识（sense of coherence）。
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2. Why do we learn translation?
Tool ----- Improve our linguistic abilities Window ---- Broaden our horizon Bridge ----- Promote cultural exchange
* 英语翻译
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翻译理论与实践
Reference version:
My hometown is a small village located in the mountains. It is surrounded by lush hills and woods with a brook running through it. This is where children often frolic. The buildings in the village are old in appearance but peaceful. In the middle is a square, where there is a big tree, under which the elderly often meet drinking tea or chatting. Everyone looks satisfied and happy, which is also true of other villagers. I love my hometown, and I hope it may be as beautiful as ever.
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Our grandmother did not lose her charm for us as she grew old.
译文1：我们的祖母虽然年纪越来越老，却没有失去对我们的魅力。 译文2：祖母年事日增，我们仍觉得她魅力未减。（余光中译）
Have a try!
Eg.这三个县经历了那场中国七十年代第 四次极为严重的遍及数省的自然灾害。
Criteria Abroad
• 泰特勒（Alexander F. Tytler): 翻译三原则 1. 译文应完全复写出原文的思想； 2. 译文的风格和笔调应与原文的一致； 3. 译文应和译语创作同样流畅。
Criteria Abroad
• Eugene A. Nida: • Functional equivalence
Eg. 他能吃能睡。 原译： He can eat and sleep. 改译： He is a good eater and sound sleeper.
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3. How shall we learn translation?
在对翻译工作的认识上, 存在诸多误区。比如，“懂外语, 就能作翻译” 这种错误观念还相当普遍。其结果, 就是许多人 能够和外国人对话, 却不能胜任翻译任务。……外语与翻译之 间固然关系密切, 但是, 外语与翻译毕竟是两门学科。翻译是 科学，又是艺术。
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按活动方式分类(mode)： a. 口译（interpretation):
连续传译/即席翻译: consecutive interpretation 同声传译: simultaneous interpretation b. 笔译（translation) c. 机器翻译（machine translation）
所谓翻译，是指在译语中用最切近而又自然的对 等语再现原语的信息，首先在语义上，其次在文体上。
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按涉及语言分类(language)： a.语内翻译(intra-lingual translation): 同一种语言的 各个语言变体之间的翻译 b.语际翻译(inter-lingual translation): 不同语言之间 的翻译 c. 符际翻译(inter-semiotic translation):用某种非语 言符号系统的符号来解释语言符号