本单元语法：过去完成时。
过去完成时表示在过去某一时间点以前即“过去的过去”已经发生的动作。
Mr. Black told me that he had seen the movie three times.⑴过去完成时表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成的动作。
它表示动作发生的时间是“过去的过去”。
⑵过去完成时的结构是：肯定由“助动词had(用于各种人称和数) + 过去分词”构成否定式：had not + 过去分词缩写形式：hadn’t⑶过去完成时的时间状语：①表示过去某一时间可用by, before等构成的短语。
by the time by the end ofWe had finished our homework before 10 o’clock.②可能通过when, before等引导的从句表示。
When I got there, the train had left.③过去某一时间通过上下文来表示。
Kate hadn’t studied hard, so she didn’t pass the exam yesterday.【语法归纳】过去完成时与现在完成时的区别两者主要区别是时间的参照点不同：过去完成时的时间参照点是某个“过去的”时间；现在完成时的时间参照点是“现在”。
因此现在完成时中的很多规则，也适用于过去完成时。
例句：When I got to the cinema, the film had been on for five minutes.当我到达电影院时，电影已演了五分钟了。
（got是一个过去的“时间点”，电影“开始”在我“到达”之前，是“过去的过去”。
因为for five minutes为延续一段的时间状语，应用可延续的系表结构be on的过去完成时形式。
）注：过去完成时是一个相对的时态，表示的是“过去的过去”，只有在和过去某时或某动作相比较时才用到它，因此当原句中若找不到一个“过去的时间”作为参照点时，是不能用过去完成时的。
例句：He got to the railway station and suddenly realized that he had forgotten to bring his ticket.他到了火车站后忽然意识到他竟忘记带车票了。
（“忘记”这一动作在“意识到”这一动作之前。
）1.by the time+时间状语从句（1）时间状语从句的时态是一般现在时时（表示将来），主句用将来完成时；（2）时间状语从句是一般过去式时，主句用过去完成时。
by the end of +时间点（1）+过去的时间点，主句用过去完成时；（2）+将来的时间点，主句用将来完成时；by+时间点（1）+现在的时间点，主句用现在完成时；（2）+过去的时间点，主句用过去完成时；（3）+将来的时间点，主句用将来完成时。
By the time you came back, I had finished this book.By the time Jane gets home, her aunt will have left for Beijing.By the end of last year, I had stayed in Xinzheng for seven years.By now, I have finished all my homework.2.leave 与forget的用法:(1) leave “ 遗留，落下，忘记带”，侧重指把某物或某人留在某个地方，后常跟地点状语；(2)forget “ 忘记”，侧重指忘记某件事情，后常跟to do (忘了要去做)或doing (忘了做过)。
remember to do remember doing♦leave → left → left v 离开(1)leave sth +地点把某物遗忘在某地(2)leave for +地点(目的地) 离开去某地(3) leave a message 留言ask for leave 请假leave school (中学) 毕业(4)leave one by oneself=leave sb. alone 把某人单独留下3.when的特殊用法“这时，突然”，用于四种结构1)be doing sth...whenI was thinking of this when I heard my name called.2)be on the point of doing sth...whenShe was on the point of going out when the telephone rang3)be about to do sth...when We were about to start when it began to rain.4).sb. had hardly/scarcely/barely done sth... whenWe had hardly fallen asleep when the bell rang.另：be about to 忙于；即将做某事。
侧重于表示动作马上就要发生，常与when 引导的从句连用，但不与具体的时间状语连用。
4.be full of = be filled with充满，装满fill…with..The basket is full of apples. = The basket is filled with apples.5.get/go/come/be back to school=return to school意为“回到学校”1)get back to 后接表地点的名词，意为“回到某地”;2)get back to 后面接人,可引申为“回复某人的信件，电子邮件，电话”等；3)get back 还可表示“ 回来，返回，拿回，取回”等含义。
4)give back=return归还6.My alarm clock didn’t go off!go off 发出响声, (闹钟)闹响The alarm went off just now.go over 复习go away 离开go by (时间)过去go for a walk 出去散步go on 继续go + doing 去做某事go fishing/shopping/skating/swimming去钓鱼/去买东西/去溜冰/去游泳7.wait in line with 意为“与……排队等候”stand in line 站成一排cut in line 插队8.even if / even though/ though/although 都可以引导让步状语从句。
Even if =even though“即使、纵然”引出的从句叙述的是假设或把握很大的事情though“虽然”，引出的从句叙述的是事实。
I will try even if I may fail.Though it was very late, he went on working.[注] though 和but 不能同时出现在句中。
9.alive, living, live与livelylively1）live “活着的”，通常指物，不指人，常用来作定语放名词的前面。
还指“实况转播的”。
例如：a live fish 一条活鱼。
Do you like a live show or a recorded show ?2）living意为“活着”强调说明“尚在人间”，“健在”，可用来指人或物，作定语或表语。
例如：.My first teacher is still living . English is a living language .A living language should be learned through listening and speaking .He is regarded as one of the best living writers at present .注意：living 前加上 the , 表示类别，指“活着的人们”。
例如：The living must finish the work of those dead .living 还可用于短语，例如：make a living by doing谋生。
3）alive 意为“活着”，侧重说明生与死之间的界限(本来会死但没有死)，既可指人，也可指物；可用来作表语，后置定语或宾补。
例如：He is dead , but his dog is still alive .He wanted to keep the fish alive.This is a fish alive.4）lively 则意为“活泼的”，“活跃”，“充满生气的”，可作定语、表语或宾补，既可指人，又可指物。
例如：Jenny is a lively girl . Everything is lively here . 这儿一切都生机勃勃。
He had a strange way of making his classes lively and interesting .live 物定语现场的living 人/物定语、表语 Make a living/the livingalive 人/物后置定语、表语、宾补生与死的界限lively 人/物定语、表语、宾补生气勃勃的,无活着的意思。
10.The other planes were full so I had to wait till the next day.till 意为“到，直到”，相当于until.⑴用于肯定句时, 主句的动词只用延续性的，它所表示的动作一直延续到till或until表示的时间为止，意为“直到……为止”。
She watched TV till her mother came back⑵用于否定句时，主句的动词一般是非延续性的，也可以是延续性的，它所表示的动作直到till或until所表示的时间才发生，意为“直到…（才）”。
She didn’t watch TV till her mother came back.11.show up 出席on show =on display 展览show off 炫耀show sb. around 带某人参观show sb. sth=show sth to sb 向某人展示某物12.play tricks on sb. 捉弄某人play jokes on sb.对某人开玩笑laugh at 嘲笑make fun of 取笑13. Many people ran to their local supermarkets to buy as much spaghetti as they could.as +adj./adv.+ as sb. can / could = as + adj./adv.+ as possible. 尽可能的We must do everything as possible. = We must do everything as well as we can.14.sell out 卖光（用物作主语时，常用于被动语态be sold out）give out 分发=hand out 分发work out解答出（人）run out of 用完（物）run out用完go out 出去find out 查明look out=be careful=take care 当心take out 拿出put out 熄灭cut out删除15.find out, look for 与find(1)find out 强调经过调查、询问、研究等曲折过程后才能找出。