nguage: language can be defined as a system of arbitory vocal symbols used for communication.
2.Duality: By Duality is meant the property of having two levels of structures, such that units of the primary level are composed of elements of the secondary level and each of the two levels has its own principle of organization.
3.Displacement: Displacement means that human languages enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts which are not present ( in time and space) at the moment of communication.
4.Vowel: a vowel is produced without such “stricture” so that air escapes in a relatively unimpeded way through the mouth or nose.
petence and performance: A language user’s underlying knowledge about the system of rules is called his linguistic competence. And performance refers to the actual use of language in concrete situations.
6.Phoneme: The word phoneme simply refers to a “unit of explicit sound contrast”: the existence of a minimal pair automatically grants phonemic status to the sounds responsible for the contrasts.
7.Lexeme: A separate unit of meaning, usually in the form of a word.
8.Bound morpheme: an element of meaning which is structually dependent on the word it added to.
9.Inflection: inflection indicates grammatical relations by adding infectional affixes such as number, person, finiteness, aspect and case; the adding of inflectional affixes will not change the grammatical class of the stems ( to which they are attached).
10.Positional relation: positional relation or word order refers to the sequential arrangement of words in a language.
11.Endocentric: endocentric construction is one whose distribution is functionally equivalent to that of one or more of its constituents, i.e. a word or a group of words, which serves as a definable centre or head.
12.Concep t: There is something behind the concrete thing we can see with our eyes. And that something is abstract, which has no existence in the material world
and can only be sensed in our minds. This abstract thing is usually called Concept.
13.Categorization: categorization is the process of classifying our experiences into different categories based on commonalities and differences.
14.Image schemas: Mark Johnson defines an image schema as a recurring, dynamic pattern of our perceptual interactions and motor programs that gives coherence and structure to our experience.
15.Performatives: Sentences like the following do not describe things. They cannot be said to be true or false. The uttering of sentences is, or is a part of, the doing of an action.。