observations (such as measurements, genders, survey responses) that have been collected
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Key Concept
The subject of statistics is largely about using sample data to make inferences (or generalizations) about an entire population. It is essential to know and understand the definitions that follow.
Sample
Subcollection of members selected from a population
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Chapter Key Concepts
1
Chapter 1
Introduction to Statistics
1-1 Overview 1-2 Types of Data
1-3 Critical Thinking
1-4 Design of Experiments
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Definition
Statistics
a collection of methods for planning studies and experiments, obtaining data, and then organizing, summarizing, presenting, analyzing, interpreting, and drawing conclusions based on the data
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Working with Quantitative Data Quantitative data can further be described by distinguishing between discrete and continuous types.
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Definition
Parameter
a numerical measurement describing some characteristic of a
Lecture Slides
Elementary Statistics Tenth Edition
and the Triola Statistics Series
by Mario F. Triola
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Application areas of statistics
• • • • • • • • • • • • • actuarial work (精算) agriculture (农业) animal science (动物学) anthropology (人类学) archaeology (考古学) auditing (审计学) crystallography (晶体学) demography (人口统计学) dentistry (牙医学) ecology (生态学) econometrics (经济计量学) education (教育学) election forecasting and projection (选举预测和策划) engineering (工程) epidemiology (流行病学) finance (金融) human genetics (人类遗传学) fisheries research (水产渔业研究) gambling (赌博) genetics (遗传学) geography (地理学) geology (地质学) historical research (历史研究)
Example: The number of eggs that a hen lays
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Section 1-2 Types of Data
Created by Tom Wegleitner, Centreville, Virginia
2
Section 1-1 Overview
Created by Tom Wegleitner, Centreville, Virginia
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sample statistic
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Definition
Quantitative data
numbers representing counts or measurements. Example: The weights of supermodels
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Definition
Population
the complete collection of all elements (scores, people, measurements, and so on) to be studied; the collection is complete in the sense that it includes all subjects to be studied
Sample data must be collected in an appropriate way, such as through a process of random selection. If sample data are not collected in an appropriate way, the data may be so completely useless that no amount of statistical torturing can salvage them.
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Interesting Statistics
Women blink nearly twice as much as men. Right-handed people live ,on average ,nine years longer than left-handed people. You share your birthday with at least nine million other people. China has more English-speaking people than the United states. American Airlines saves $40,000 in a year by eliminating one olive from each salad served in first-class.
population.
population parameter
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Definition
Statistic
a numerical measurement describing some characteristic of a sample.
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