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细胞支原体污染的图片、危害、表现和怎么办

细胞支原体污染的图片、危害、表现和怎么办(2016年10月16日)一、细胞支原体污染的图片我们首先来认识一下,细胞支原体污染与非污染的图片有什么区别。

如上图所示,左侧为未经支原体清除试剂处理的人Hela细胞,经DAPI染色后,除了细胞核为蓝色外,细胞质也有大量的絮状核酸物质被染成蓝色,这些处于细胞质的核酸物质就是支原体DNA,说明细胞支原体污染非常严重。

而右侧为经过本公司的支原体清除试剂2处理7天的Hela细胞,经DAPI 染色后,除了细胞核为蓝色外,细胞质没有任何絮状核酸物质被染成蓝色,说明支原体已经被清除。

(版权声明:上图来自上海易色医疗科技有限公司网站。

)二、细胞支原体污染的危害和表现细胞支原体污染的危害(1)培养的细胞被支原体污染后,几乎可以改变细胞的所有功能,其可以导致细胞染色体的异常和损伤,改变细胞的代谢、生长、形状、附着,影响病毒的扩增能力和产量等等。

例如,Miller CJ等人通过Microarray的研究表明:支原体污染严重改变被污染细胞的基因表达谱 [1, 2],支原体污染后与无污染的同一细胞系相比,表达差异达2倍以上的基因就有200多个!!!(详细数据请见参考文献1)。

Edward Burnett 和 Liz Penn认为:被支原体污染的细胞系已经不是原来的细胞系,而是另外一个细胞系了 [3]!此外,严重的支原体污染将彻底摧毁一株细胞系。

从2013年开始,《Nature》期刊已正式要求投稿的文章,如涉及细胞培养都要进行支原体检测。

相信会有越来越多的高水平期刊将做出同样的支原体检测要求。

总之,在细胞系上进行生物医学方面的科学研究,如果不能保证所用的细胞系无支原体污染(Mycoplasma-free),则所得出的结论是极端不可靠甚至是完全错误的!可以想象:全球范围内,每年因支原体污染导致白白浪费的科研经费的数量是多么的巨大,有人估计至少高达数十亿美金!细胞支原体污染的危害(2)1. 细胞生物学:支原体污染将直接导致最常用的MTT细胞毒性实验结果的严重错误!●结果:由于支原体对MTT的额外还原作用,对阿霉素(Doxorubicin, 一种抗肿瘤药物)的抗性,支原体污染和非污染的细胞二者相差15倍!(Due to an additional reduction of tetrazolium by mycoplasmas, contaminated cells appeared up to 15 fold resistant to doxorubicin.)●参考文献:Falsification of tetrazolium dye (MTT) based cytotoxicity assayresults due to mycoplasma contamination of cell cultures. Anticancer Res. 1999 Mar-Apr; 19(2A):1245-8.2. 免疫学:支原体污染本身将可以直接诱导树突状细胞的成熟!这对于目前国内外普遍开展的人体免疫细胞的肿瘤治疗将是灾难性的。

●结果:(1)The capacity of these cell lines to induce DC maturation was due totheir contamination by mycoplasma. Our results reveal that DC are able to sense mycoplasma infection and mature as they do in response to most viruses and bacteria.(2)Further investigation demonstrated that the changes in DC phenotype and functions were due to the presence of mycoplasmas in these two cell lines;eradication of mycoplasmas completely abolished the observed effects, and importantly, pure mycoplasmas in the absence of tumor cell supernatants were able to produce the same effects.●参考文献:(1)Dendritic cell maturation is induced by mycoplasma infection butnot by necrotic cells. Eur. J. Immunol. 2000.30: 705–708。

(2)Mycoplasma-mediated alterations of in vitro generation and functions of human dendritic cells. J Biomed Sci. 2005;12(1):31-46.3. 神经生物学:支原体污染本身可以直接降解淀粉样多肽Amyloid-beta (Abeta)!●结果:These data show that mycoplasmas degrade Abeta and thus may represent asignificant source of variability when comparing extracellular Abeta levels in different cell lines.●参考文献:(1)Amyloid-beta peptide degradation in cell cultures by mycoplasmacontaminants. BMC Res Notes. 2008 Jun 30;1:38.(2)Neuroprotective effects of Mycoplasma hyorhinis against amyloid-β-peptide toxicity in SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells are mediated by calpastatinupregulation in the mycoplasma-infected cells. Neurochem Int. 2011 Mar;58(4):497-503.4. 生物化学:支原体污染可以直接影响L-arginine的代谢!●结果:This demonstrates that infection with M. hyorhinis leads to different effectson gene regulation of the murine and human iNOS gene. Our study underlines the importance of routine checking of cell cultures for mycoplasma contamination, particularly in studies on NO-mediated effects or inflammatory processes.●参考文献: Impact of Mycoplasma hyorhinis infection on L-arginine metabolism:differential regulation of the human and murine iNOS gene. Biol Chem. 2005 Oct;386(10):1055-63.5. 病理学:支原体污染可以直接刺激前列腺素E2(Prostaglandin E2)的产生!●结果:Mycoplasma fermentans (MF) also stimulated PGE(2) production. Theco-infection of mycoplasma and Chlamydia resulted in an additive effect in the production of PGE(2). Thus it is important to use host cells and Chlamydia free of mycoplasma contamination for the analysis of Chlamydia-induced prostaglandin production.●参考文献:Production of prostaglandin E2 in monocytes stimulated in vitro byChlamydia trachomatis, Chlamydophilapneumoniae, and Mycoplasma fermentans. MicrobPathog. 2004 Sep;37(3):155-61.三、细胞支原体污染的比例据Corning公司报道,世界各国的细胞系都有不同程度的支原体污染,可以说支原体污染是细胞培养领域的一个世界性问题 [4]。

表1是美国ATCC、FDA、以及其他两家细胞检测机构的支原体污染统计数据。

表2是世界各国的细胞系污染比例。

目前,世界各国细胞系支原体污染的平均比例为30-60%。

表1,细胞支原体污染统计结果,数据来自参考文献 [4]参考文献:1. Miller CJ, Kassem HS, Pepper SD, Hey Y, Ward TH, Margison GP.Mycoplasma infection significantly alters microarray gene expression profiles.Biotechniques. 2003 Oct;35(4):812-4.2. Aldecoa-Otalora E, Langdon W, Cunningham P, Arno MJ. Unexpected presenceof mycoplasma probes on human microarrays. Biotechniques. 2009 Dec;47(6):1013-5.3. Edward Burnett and Liz Penn, European Collection of Cell Culture(ECACC®). Mycoplasma Detection and Elimination. Don Finley, Market Segment Manager, Sigma® Life Science. Biofiles, Vol. 8, No. 184. John Ryan (2008). "Understanding and Managing Cell Culture Contamination".Corning Incorporated. p. 24.四、细胞支原体污染怎么处理发现培养的细胞被支原体污染,将污染的细胞高压蒸汽灭菌,然后丢弃是最好的选择,这样可以避免细胞的交叉污染。

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