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儿科病史采集和体格检查共154页文档
(Prof. James Spence, 1943)
目的和要求 Course Objectives
了解病史采集对儿童疾病诊断的重要性。 熟悉儿童与成人病史采用的主要差别。 掌握儿童病史采用和体格检查的要点。
儿科病史采集
History-Taking in Children
病史采集的重要性
很多情况下,可仅通过病史采集明确诊断。 病史采集不准确和完整是误诊
( How to solve the problems?)
为此目的,下一步该作什么?
Then, what should we DO next?
➢ 首先,必须收集资料或信息 (Firstly, Information Gathering)
详尽的病史采集 (Detailed History–Taking) 仔细的体格检查 (Meticulous Physical Exam) 相关的实验室检查 (Appropriate Lab Investigations)
Essential to multidisciplinary team work Prime resource for medical audit and
possible medicolegal suit
In case of judicial examination, your professional credibility relies SOLELY on the medical record, not on your memory or any other things.
主要内容
小儿病史特点及问诊技巧
History-taking: skills and approaches
小儿体格检查顺序及技术
PE: sequence and skills
小儿体格检查项目及要点
PE: major items and key points
临床医师(儿科医师)的主要任务: (Primary Aims are to establish)
尽管儿科病史采集和体格检查 的基本原则与成人相同,但是 方式(Manner), 顺序( Order)和 重点(Emphasis)有所不同。
Children are NOT just small adults– their needs are DIFFERENT and have to be recognized
成人病史采集和体格检查
History-Taking and Physical Examination in Adults
➢ 病史采集 (History-taking)
一般介绍 (Introduction) 一般资料 (General Data) 主述(Chief Complaint) 现病史 (History of Present Illness) 过去史 (Past History) 系统回顾 (Systems Review) 个人史 (Personal History) 婚姻史 (Marital History) 家族史 (Family History)
患儿到底存在什么问题?(诊断) (What is wrong with the child?). 存在的问题对患者有什么影响? (诊断)
(How these problems impact on the patient’s life, medically, psychologically and socially, ect.) 如何解决存在的问题?(治疗)
(misdiagnosis)和延误诊断(delayed diagnosis)的重要原因。 如何进行病史采集决定了所收集信息的质 和量(quality and quantity)。
The history is the most important part of the patient’s assessment as it provides 80% of the information required for a diagnosis.
➢ 因此,收集的资料是否充分和准确对 于诊断和治疗极为重要。
The ACCURACY and ADEQUACY of information gathered is of pivotal importance for the precision of diagnosis and treatment
成人病史采集和体格检查
History-Taking and Physical Examination in Adults
➢ 体格检查 (Physical Examination)
望诊 (Inspection) 扪诊 (Palpation) 扣诊 (Percussion) 听诊 (Auscultation)
➢ 然后,完成“最初的医学记录”
(Formulating an Initial Medical Record)
详尽的病史采集和体格检查 诊疗计划(investigation and treatment plan) 并非“静止” (static) ,而为“动
态”(的过程,诊疗过程中收集的新 信息应随时加入。
初学者面临的挑战
Apprentice: Challenges
▪ 不知如何接触患儿及其家长
(How to approach the patient or parents) ▪ 不知从何开始病史采集
(How to get started) ▪ 不知问些什么问题
(What kind of questions to ask) ▪ 不能抓住主要问题
Problem-Oriented Medical Record
➢ POMR: Lawrence Weed(1969)
Standardized and structured approach to clinical record-keeping.
Initial database for diagnosis and differential diagnosis