免疫组化
Immunohistochemistry and immuno-cytochemistry
Esophageal carcinoma E-cad + in member
Wu Ming-Yao et al.
GFAP+ in cytoplasm of neuroglia cell. Tian Dong-Ping, Su Min et al.
(5) 精神因素 Psychological factors
病理生物学新进展：幽门螺杆菌的发现
发现人：巴里· 马歇尔(Barry J. Marshall)和罗宾· 沃伦(J. Robin Warren)（由此二人获得2005年的诺贝尔生理学或医学奖）
病理生物学新进展：幽门螺杆菌的发现
1979年，病理学医生Warren在慢性胃炎患者的胃窦黏膜组织切片上观察到一种弯曲状细菌， 并且发现这种细菌邻近的胃黏膜总是有炎症存在，因而意识到这种细菌和慢性胃炎可能有密切 关系。 1981年，消化科临床医生Marshall与Warren合作，他们以100例接受胃镜检查及活检的胃病患 者为对象进行研究，证明这种细菌的存在确实与胃炎相关。此外他们还发现,这种细菌还存在于 所有十二指肠溃疡患者、大多数胃溃疡患者和约一半胃癌患者的胃黏膜中。 经过多次失败之后，1982年4月，Marshall终于从胃黏膜活检样本中成功培养和分离出了这种 细菌。为了进一步证实这种细菌就是导致胃炎的罪魁祸首，Marshall和另一位医生Morris不惜 喝下含有这种细菌的培养液，结果大病一场。 基于这些结果，Marshall和Warren提出幽门螺杆菌涉及胃炎和消化性溃疡的病因学。1984年4 月5号，他们的成果发表于在世界权威医学期刊《柳叶刀》（lancet）上。
Cure Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) patient (extracted from )
Angell: heal the wounded and rescue the dying
Quoted from

Patients just want to know: 1. 我得了什么病？2. 这个病怎么治？
Means Mechanisms: Most are still investigating. Some of them should be known, for instance: 血栓形成的机理 Thrombosis 心肌梗死发生的机理 Myocardial infarction 肾小球肾炎的发病机理 Glomerulonephritism
结局 Sequels 痊愈healing 不愈un-healing: delay & complications spread even death
病理学的分类 The classification of pathology

总论General pathology: A discussion of

Although the causes of disease are divided into above two main groups, but both groups are interlaced in most disease.
几乎所有的疾病都有遗传因素的影响和环境因素的作用。
几乎所有的疾病都有遗传因素的影
病理学绪论
Pathology Introduction
为什么要学习病理学？ Why ?

因为您想成为一名救死扶伤的医务工作者
Because you want be Medical Doctor!
Cure Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) patient (extracted from ) Angell: heal the wounded and rescue the dying
4. 临床病理联系 Manifestations
Clinical
significance:
The functional consequences of the morphologic changes.
5.疾病的转归与结局 Progress and sequels
进程与转归
Progress simple intricate short-term long-term
此图引自Dr. T. M. Schroeder-Kurh
2). 环境因素 Environmental factors
(1)物理因素
Physical agents. i. e. injury, radiations, extremes of heat or cold, electrical power…
Level C. 电镜水平Electron-microscopy(EM) level:
reveal abnormity in the cellular organelles.
Level D. 分子水平 Molecular level:
inspect aberrant in DNA, RNA, and protein.
病理学的研究方法 Methods in pathology
尸检
Autopsy: An examination of a dead body was done by cutting it open to discover the cause of death.
尸 检

活检 Biopsy
活检
(2)遗传易感性 Susceptibility to some diseases Genetic polymorphisms among or between individuals, families, or races strongly influence susceptibility and resistance to disease
(2) 化学因素
Chemical poisons. Some act in a general manner, some act locally, and some exhibit a predilection for certain organs. (3) 营养不平衡 Nutritional imbalance (4) 异常的免疫反应 Abnormal immunological reactions.
响和环境因素的作用。 Although the causes of disease are divided into above two main groups, causes from both groups are operative in most disease processes.
2. 发病机理 Pathogenesis
病理学的地位 The location and importance of pathology in medical education
Pathology is a bridge between basic science and clinical medicine. All of the medical students have to stride over the bridge!
英文病理学术语Pathology可分为两部分： Path ：痛苦与疾病 suffering, disease
ology
：研究与科学means study, science
病理学概念 The concept of pathology
病理学是研究疾病的一门学科 Pathology is the scientific study of disease.
Fos+ in nucleolus

电 镜
Electron microscopic examination
CSEC-215 generation 13，EM×3000 Lu Shan-Ming, Su Min et al.
Biochip
生物芯片技术（biochip technology）是将大量具有生物识别功能的分子反应或
1. 病因 Causes of disease
1). 遗传因素 Genetic factors
(1)
染色体与基因异常 Abnormal the chromosomes and component genes Occur spontaneously (or without known cause); In some cases, radiations, chemical or infective agents can be incriminated.
杂交，通过放射自显影、荧光扫描、化学发光或酶标显示可获得大量有
用的生物信息的新技术。 生物芯片技术包括基因芯片、蛋白质芯片、细胞芯片、组织芯片等
基因芯片(gene chip)
是指将大量DNA探针固 化于支持物表面上，产 生二维DNA探针阵列， 然后与标记的样品进行 杂交，通过检测杂交信 号来实现对生物样品快 速、高效地检测。可自 动、快速地检测出成千 上万个基因的表达情况， 亦可将成批待测DNA PCR产物甚至基因组 DNA 通过点样仪点在玻 片上， 食管癌样本基因芯片 （刘淑慧 苏敏提供）

3. 病理学变化Pathologic change
Level A. 肉眼水平 Naked eye level: gross changes in diseased organs. Level B. 光镜水平 Light microscopy level: in histology and cytology level.
组织与细胞培养
Tissue and cell culture
组织化学
Histochemistry and cytochemistry