必修 4 unit 4语法精讲-----分词作定语和状语一、作定语。
单个的分词作定语时放在所修饰词的前面，但是如果修饰some/any/no/every+thing/body/one 或者指示代词those时，分词应在其后。
分词短语作定语时应放在所修饰词的后面。
在用作定语时，分词在意思上接近一个定语从句。
The boring snow made the bored boys go home. (= The snow was boring, so the boys wee bored and went home.)注：现在分词与过去分词都可作定语，但现在分词表达的是正在进行的事情，有主动意义；而过去分词表示的是已完成的事情，有被动意义。
例如：I have no teeth left.Anyone swimming will be punished.The question being discussed in the meeting is very important.There are a lot of fallen leaves on the ground.二、作状语。
分词在句中作状语时表示动作发生的时间、原因、条件、结果或让步等，多置于句首，做伴随状语，多放在后面。
分词用于go doing结构中作目的状语。
分词短语作状语时，其逻辑主语必须与句子的主语一致。
如果与句子主语不一致，那么分词短语就需要有自己的逻辑主语，且要用独立主格结构形式来表达。
①时间状语：分词作时间状语相当于时间状语从句。
现在分词作时间状语一般位于句首，表示的动作和谓语动词的动作同时发生，有时现在分词前可以加上时间连词。
如果分词动作发生在谓语动词之前，用现在分词的完成体形式。
过去分词作时间状语与谓语动词构成同时性和被动意义。
分词前有时加上时间连词。
Arriving (=When he arrived) at the bus stop, he found his sister there.Waiting (=When I was waiting) to see the doctor, I met with a friend of mine.Having (=When we have) made full preparations, we are ready for an examination.Having (=When he had) finished his homework, he went to bed.After finishing his homework, he went to bed.Seen (=When the town is seen) from the hill, the town looks more beautiful.Locked (=When he was looked) up in the room, he found himself isolated from the outer world.When asked to make a speech, he said he was glad to do so.当请他作演讲时Once recovered, he will go all out to do his work.一旦康复②原因状语：分词作原因状语相当于原因状语从句。
一般位于句首。
Being (=Since he was) ill all last year, he lived in a sanatorium.There being no enough money, he couldn't buy the dictionary that he wanted. 由于没有钱Having (=Since they had) been asked to stay, they couldn't possibly leave right away.Moved (=As he was moved) by the heroic deeds of the PLA man, he burst into tears.③条件状语：通常用分词来表示，相当于条件状语从句。
一般位于句首。
Turning (=If you turn) to the left，you will see the post office.United (=If we are united), we stand; divided (=if we are divided), we fall.Given (=If he had been given) more time, he would be able to do better.④结果状语从句：现在分词作结果状语表示谓语动词的结果。
I ran faster than ever, reaching the schoolyard quite out of breath.The man died young, leaving nothing but debt.⑤让步状语：通常由过去分词来表示，而且前面通常有表示让步意义的though。
Though wounded, the soldier managed to get to the village safely.Though warned of the danger, he still went skating on the thin ice.⑥伴随或方式状语：分词作伴随状语通常位于句尾，表示谓语动词正在所处主动或被动的状态。
Chinese businessmen, taxi drivers and students talk with them using English.She came running towards us.They walked along the streets, talking and laughing.He went into the house, followed by some children.He continued to walk up and down, lost in thought.⑦there be 结构作状语多用there being结构，但若置于介词for之后要用there to beThere being nobody else at hand,I had to do by myself．由于附近没有人，我只得独自干了。
(原因状语)It’s too early for there to be anybody up．太早了，还不会有人起床。
(作程度状语)There having been no rain for a long time，the ground was very dry．因为好长时间没下雨了，地面非常干燥。
(原因状语)He sat in a chair,reading a novel. (一般式主动态)Being exhausted by work, he fell asleep quickly. (一般式被动态)Having finished his homework, he went playing. (完成式主动态)All this having been settled, he went home. (完成式被动态)“have+宾语+现在分词”表示主体使客体处于某状态或干什么事；“have+宾语+过去分词”表示动作是别人做的或与主体意志无关。
附表1-2.分词做定语的区别：三、考题引路1. ______ into English, the sentence was found to have an entirely different word order. （2011·天津卷）A. TranslatingB. TranslatedC. To translateD. Having translated【解析】本题中的分词短语作时间状语，且分词与the sentence之间是被动关系，故选B。
2. an important role in a new movie,Andy has a chance to become famous. （2011·四川卷）A.Offer B.Offering C.Offered D.To offer【解析】本题中的分词短语作原因状语，且分词与Andy之间是被动关系，故选C。
3. Sarah pretended to be cheerful,______nothing about the argument. （2011·全国II）A. says B: said C. to say D. saying【解析】本题中的分词短语作伴随状语，且分词与Sarah之间是主动关系，故选D。
4. The island,______to the mainland by a bridge, is easy to go to. （2011·全国II）A. joiningB. to joinC. joinedD. having joined【解析】本题中的分词短语作定语，相当于一个非限制性定语从句，且分词与The island 之间是被动关系，故选C。
5. More highways have been built in China,_______it much easier for people to trave from one place to another. （2011·陕西卷）A. makingB. madeC. to makeD. having made【解析】本题中的分词短语作结果状语，且分词与highways之间是主动关系，故选A。
6. Sit down, Emma. You will only make yourself more tired, on your feet. （2011·北京卷）A. to keepB. keepingC. having keptD. to have kept【解析】本题中的分词短语作条件状语，且分词与You之间是主动关系，故选B。
7. around the fire, the tourists danced with the local people. （2011·辽宁卷）A. GatherB. To gatherC. GatheringD. To be gathering【解析】本题中的分词短语作方式状语，且分词与the tourists之间是主动关系，故选C。