第七章练习题及参考答案7.1 表7.10中给出了1970-1987年期间美国的个人消费支出(PCE)和个人可支配收入(PDI)数据,所有数字的单位都是10亿美元(1982年的美元价)。
表7.10 1970-1987年美国个人消费支出(PCE)和个人可支配收入(PDI)数据估计下列模型:tt t t tt t PCE B PDI B B PCE PDI A A PCE υμ+++=++=-132121(1) 解释这两个回归模型的结果。
(2) 短期和长期边际消费倾向(MPC )是多少?【练习题7.1参考解答】1)第一个模型回归的估计结果如下,Dependent Variable: PCEMethod: Least Squares Date: 07/27/05 Time: 21:41 Sample: 1970 1987 Included observations: 18Variable Coefficient Std. Error t-StatisticProb. C -216.4269 32.69425 -6.619723 0.0000 PDI 1.008106 0.015033 67.05920 0.0000 R-squared 0.996455 Mean dependent var1955.606 Adjusted R-squared 0.996233 S.D. dependent var 307.7170 S.E. of regression 18.88628 Akaike info criterion 8.819188 Sum squared resid 5707.065 Schwarz criterion 8.918118 Log likelihood -77.37269 F-statistic 4496.936 Durbin-Watson stat 1.366654 Prob(F-statistic)0.000000回归方程:ˆ216.4269 1.008106t tPCE PDI =-+(32.69425) (0.015033) t =(-6.619723) (67.05920) 2R =0.996455 F=4496.936 第二个模型回归的估计结果如下,Dependent Variable: PCEMethod: Least Squares Date: 07/27/05 Time: 21:51 Sample (adjusted): 1971 1987 Included observations: 17 after adjustmentsVariable Coefficient Std. Error t-Statistic Prob.C -233.2736 45.55736 -5.120436 0.0002 PDI 0.982382 0.140928 6.970817 0.0000 PCE(-1) 0.037158 0.144026 0.2579970.8002R-squared 0.996542 Mean dependent var 1982.876 Adjusted R-squared 0.996048 S.D. dependent var 293.9125 S.E. of regression 18.47783 Akaike info criterion 8.829805 Sum squared resid 4780.022 Schwarz criterion 8.976843 Log likelihood -72.05335 F-statistic 2017.064 Durbin-Watson stat 1.570195 Prob(F-statistic)0.000000回归方程:1ˆ233.27360.98240.0372t t t PCE PDI PCE -=-+- (45.557) (0.1409) (0.1440)t = (-5.120) (6.9708) (0.258) 2R =0.9965 F=2017.0642)从模型一得到MPC=1.008;从模型二得到,短期MPC=0.9824,由于模型二为自回归模型,要先转换为分布滞后模型才能得到长期边际消费倾向,我们可以从库伊克变换倒推得到长期MPC=0.9824/(1+0.0372)=0.9472。
7.2 表7.11中给出了某地区1980-2001年固定资产投资Y 与销售额X 的资料。
取阿尔蒙多项式的次数m=2,运用阿尔蒙多项式变换法估计分布滞后模型:011223344t t t t t t t Y X X X X X u αβββββ----=++++++表7.11 某地区1980-2001年固定资产投资Y 与销售额X 的资料(单位:亿元)【练习题7.2参考解答】分布滞后模型:01144...t t t t t Y X X X u αβββ--=+++++ s=4,取m=2。
假设00βα=,1012βααα=++,201224βααα=++,301239βααα=++,4012416βααα=++ (*)则模型可变为:001122t t t t t Y Z Z Z u αααα=++++,其中:0123411234212342344916t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t Z X X X X X Z X X X X Z X X X X ------------=++++=+++=+++ 估计的回归结果如下,Dependent Variable: Y Method: Least Squares Date: 25/02/10 Time: 23:19 Sample (adjusted): 1984 2001Included observations: 18 after adjustmentsVariable Coefficient Std. Error t-Statistic Prob. C -35.49234 8.192884 -4.332093 0.0007 Z0 0.891012 0.174563 5.104248 0.0002 Z1 -0.669904 0.254447 -2.632783 0.0197 Z20.1043920.0623111.6753380.1160R-squared 0.984670 Mean dependent var 121.2322 Adjusted R-squared 0.981385 S.D. dependent var 45.63348 S.E. of regression 6.226131 Akaike info criterion 6.688517 Sum squared resid 542.7059 Schwarz criterion 6.886378 Log likelihood -56.19666 F-statistic 299.7429 Durbin-Watson stat1.130400 Prob(F-statistic)0.000000回归方程:^01235.492430.8910120.6699040.104392t t t Y Z Z Z =-+-+01235.49124,0.89101,0.66990,0.10439αααα=-==-=由(*)式可得,012340.89101,0.32550,0.03123,0.17917,0.11833βββββ===-=-=-由阿尔蒙多项式变换可得如下估计结果:^1234-35.49234 0.89101 0.32550-0.03123-0.17917-0.11833t t t t t t Y X X X X X ----=++7.3利用表7.11的数据,运用局部调整假定或自适应预期假定估计以下模型参数,并解释模型的经济意义,探测模型扰动项的一阶自相关性: 1)设定模型t t t u X Y ++=βα*其中*t Y 为预期最佳值。
2)设定模型t ut t e X Y βα=*其中*t Y 为预期最佳值。
3)设定模型t t t u X Y ++=*βα其中*t X 为预期最佳值。
【练习题7.3参考解答】1)在局部调整假定下,先估计一阶自回归模型:****011t t t t Y X Y u αββ-=+++回归的估计结果如下,Dependent Variable: Y Method: Least Squares Date: 25/02/10 Time: 22:42 Sample (adjusted): 1981 2001Included observations: 21 after adjustmentsVariable Coefficient Std. Error t-Statistic Prob. C -15.10403 4.729450 -3.193613 0.0050 X 0.629273 0.097819 6.433031 0.0000 Y(-1)0.2716760.1148582.365315 0.0294R-squared 0.987125 Mean dependent var 109.2167 Adjusted R-squared 0.985695 S.D. dependent var 51.78550 S.E. of regression6.193728 Akaike info criterion6.616515Sum squared resid 690.5208 Schwarz criterion 6.765733 Log likelihood -66.47341 F-statistic 690.0561 Durbin-Watson stat1.518595 Prob(F-statistic)0.000000回归方程:1ˆ15.104030.6292730.271676 tt t Y X Y -=-++(4.729450) (0.097819) (0.114858)t = (-3.193613) (6.433031) (2.365315) 2R =0.987125 F=690.0561 DW=1.518595根据局部调整模型的参数关系,有****01 ,, 1, t t u u αδαβδββδδ===-= 将上述估计结果代入得到:*1110.2716760.728324δβ=-=-=*20.738064ααδ==- *00.864001ββδ==故局部调整模型估计结果为:^*20.7380640.864001tt YX =-+经济意义:该地区销售额每增加1亿元,未来预期最佳新增固定资产投资为0.864001亿元。