C h a p t e r 1 B a s i c C o n c e p t s 基本概念 1.1 the definition of a word（he definition of a word comprises the following points: (1) a minimal free form of a language; (2) a sound unity; (3) a unit of meaning; (4) a form that can function alone in a sentence. A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function.）1.2 sound and meaning ：symbolic connection is almost always arbitrary and conventional. A dog is called a dog not because the sound and the three letters that make up theword just automatically suggest the animal in question.1.3 sound and form ：1.4 vocabulary 1.5 classification of words 词汇分类 basic word stock 基本词汇 nonbasic vocabulary 非基本词汇 by use frequency 按使用频率分： basic word stock and nonbasic vocabulary 基本词汇和非基本词汇 by notion 按概念分： content words and functional words 实义词和功能词 by origin 按起源分： native words and borrowed words 本地词和外来词 all national character 全民性 stability 稳定性 productivity 多产性 p ol ysemy 一词多义 collocability 搭配性 terminology 术语 jargon 行话 slang 俚语 argon 黑话 dialectal words 方言词 archaism 古语词 neologism 新词 neutral in style 文体上中性frequent in use 使用频繁 native words 本地词borrowed words外来词denizens 同化词 aliens 异形词translation-loans 译借词semantic-loans 借义词1. No enough letters: alphabet from latin2. Pronunciation changed more rapidly3. Early scribes: change spelling for easier recognition4. Borrowing: different rules of pronunciation and spelling obvious characteristics 明显的特点C h a p t e r2D e v e l o p m e n tIt is assumed that the world has approximately 3, 000 (some put it 5, 000 ) languages, which can be grouped into roughly 300 language families on the basis of similarities in their basic word stock and grammar.2.1 Indo-European印欧语Eastern set：东部诸语族：Western set：西部诸语族：Balto-Slavic 波罗的海-斯拉夫语Indo-Iranian 印度-伊朗语Armenian 亚美尼亚语Albanian 阿尔巴尼亚语Celtic 凯尔特语Italic 意大利语Hellenic 希腊语——GreekGermanic 日耳曼语Persian 波斯语Bengali 孟加拉国语Hindi 印地语Romany 普吉赛语Prussian 普鲁士语Lithuanian 立陶宛语Polish 波兰语Czech 捷克语Bulgarian 保加利亚语Slovenian 斯洛文尼亚语Russian 俄语Norwegian 挪威语Icelandic 冰岛语Danish 丹麦语Swedish 瑞典语German 德语Dutch 荷兰语Flemish 佛兰德语English 英语Portuguese 葡萄牙语Spanish 西班牙语French 法语Italian 意大利语Roumanian 罗马尼亚语Scottish 苏格兰语Irish 爱尔兰语Welsh 威尔士语Breton 布里多尼语Scandinavian languages斯堪的纳维亚语Latin 拉丁语言2.2 Historical review 历史概述2.3 Growth of Present-day English Vocabulary2.4 Modes of Vocabulary Development50000-60000 words 5万~6万间词汇 Highly inflected 高度转折 complex endings 复杂的结尾 vowel changes 元音变化French words 法语词汇 leveled endings 水平结尾 Early Modern English (1500-1700) 早期现代英语 Late Modern English (1700-up to the present) 晚期现代英语Borrow 借词new words 新词 no endings 无结尾 from a synthetic language (Old English) to the present analytic language 。
从古英语的综合型语言发展成了现在的分析型语言。
the rapid development of modern science and technology （45 ％ ） 现代科学和技术的迅猛发展（ 45 ％ ）social, economic and political changes （11 ％ ） 社会，经济和政治的变化（ 11 ％ ）the influence of other cultures and languages （ 24 ％ ） 其它文化和语言的影响（ 24 ％ ） Creation 创词 —— formation of new words, most important semantic change 旧词新义 —— old form with new meaning, new usagesborrowing 借词 —— vital roleOld English (450--1150) —— Anglo-Saxon 古英语 盎格鲁-撒克逊语Middle English (1150-1500)中古英语Modern English (1500-up to now)现代英语three main sources 三种主要来源3.1 Morphemes 词素Definition: These minimal meaningful units are known as morphemes. In other words, the morpheme is "the smallest functioning unit in the composition of words".词素是―构词中最小功能单位‖。
3.2 Allomorphs 语素变体Morphemes are abstract units, which are realized in speech by discrete units known as morphs. 'They are actual spoken , minimal carriers of meaning'. The morpheme is to the morph what a phoneme is to a phone. 词素是一个音素发音的语素。
词素是真正能发音的最小的意义载体。
morpheme 3.3 Types of Morphemes3.4 Root and StemThe affixation and compounding involve different word-forming elements词缀法和混合涉及不同的词语构成因素monomorphemic words ：can stand by themselves and function freely in a sentence. 单语素词 在句子中独立起作用 allomorphs ：the alternative morphs of the same morpheme 词素变体 可替换语素（音标）的相同词素 free morpheme —— free root 自由语素自由词根bound morpheme 粘着语素 bound root ：fundamental meaning 粘着词根 基本意义 affix 词缀（附加物） attach, modify 附着，修饰 Inflectional affix —— attached to the end of words 附在词尾 曲折词缀 Grammatical relationships 文法关系derivational affix派生词缀prefix 前缀 Suffix 后缀 affix 词缀 root or stem 词根或词干Independent 独立free grammatical units 自由的语法单位 complete meanings 完整的意义Word formation 构词的方式4.1 Affixation 词缀法 falls into two subclasses （子类）:Affixation is generally defined as the formation of words by adding word-forming or derivational affixes to stems. This process is also known as derivation , for new words created in this way are derived from old forms. The words formed in this way are called derivatives .词缀法可定义为通过给词干加结构词词缀或派生词缀构成新词的一种构词方法。